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Expedition cruises - and what you should know before boarding one

<p dir="ltr"><em>It’s crucial to do your research before embarking on any new adventure, and New-Zealand based travel writer Sue Halliwell has drawn on her 15 years of cruise ship expedition experience to unpack such a trip, and the importance of coming prepared.</em></p> <p dir="ltr">I once took two New York socialites shoe shopping in the small New Zealand port of Napier. </p> <p dir="ltr">Both women had boarded our expedition cruise around New Zealand and its sub-Antarctic islands at Auckland with high heeled shoes as their only footwear, and by Napier it was evident that ‘elegant and elevated’ was actually a liability on nature walks, beach landings and a pitchy ocean.</p> <p dir="ltr">As the sole female on the ship’s expedition team, I was assigned the job of getting them adequately shod, discovering as I did that they also lacked warm gear and rain jackets. In fact, our A-listers appeared to know little about the nature of an expedition cruise on any level. While watching sperm whales off the South Island coast some days later, one asked me if, “these creatures live all their lives in the ocean?” adding “surely they come to land to give birth?” She looked incredulous when I set her straight, a reminder that appreciation of the natural world is a journey we each take at our own pace.</p> <p dir="ltr">They were the wives of two even higher profile Americans who were also aboard, and I’m picking the lads booked the cruise. First in line for every off-ship excursion and kitted out in top notch outdoor gear, these guys were onto it. But, somewhere the inter-spouse memo had gone astray, their other halves arriving better prepared for a traditional floating city, casino and cabaret cruise experience. </p> <p dir="ltr">They won’t be the first or last to make that mistake. So, what should our society gals have understood about an expedition cruise, and how might they have adjusted their expectations and packing lists had the memo actually reached them? </p> <p dir="ltr">Also known as an adventure or eco cruise, the Travel Industry Dictionary defines an expedition cruise as “typically aboard a smaller vessel, with an emphasis on the natural habitat of exotic destinations and responsible tourism. The term also implies a relatively expensive cruise with onboard experts in the ecology of the destination and a certain level of rigour, such as in Antarctic cruises.”</p> <p dir="ltr">Translated, that means you’ll be discovering coasts less travelled and their unique wildlife, landscapes and people. The ship will be small enough to nudge close to shore yet sizeable enough to handle mighty oceans. It will likely carry fewer than 200 passengers, and close to that number of crew, ensuring up-market service, dining and accommodation. </p> <p dir="ltr">Expedition cruise companies place great emphasis on responsible and sustainable travel, and protecting the natural and cultural environments visited. Indeed, many team with organisations such as National Geographic to present high quality environmental expertise, education and experiences, and actively support conservation and social projects in their target locations. </p> <p dir="ltr">As you would expect of sumptuous travel to remote destinations with the rarest of nature and best of guides, expedition cruises don’t come cheap. These are bucket list holidays at the apex of cruising, so unless money is no object, it pays to make the most of their once-in-a-lifetime opportunity.</p> <p dir="ltr">Full participation in an expedition cruise involves taking all the off-ship excursions offered, although how actively you participate is up to you. With relatively low passenger numbers, most onshore excursions divide into manageable groups ranging in capability from fitness fanatics to snail’s pacers. Each group is shuttled between ship and shore – or around the coast – on inflatable zodiacs, and accompanied by experienced expedition team members to ensure their members remain safe and informed. </p> <p dir="ltr">These off-ship activities will be trip highlights, and you make the most of them by being prepared. As our American ladies learned, that includes being suitably dressed. </p> <p dir="ltr">Appropriate attire differs by destination, but the general rule is comfortable and activity-capable. Your gear doesn’t need to be expensive, but it does need to do the job - especially in cold climates like Antarctica or the Arctic, where not dressing appropriately can put you and others at risk. Check the packing list on your cruise website or brochure, and if there isn’t one, ask. Likewise find out whether large but essential items such as polar jackets and gumboots are supplied, to free up valuable suitcase space.</p> <p dir="ltr">Throw in a few dressier outfits for dinner, although bow ties and sequins went down with the Titanic. Nowadays, the expedition cruise dining dress code tends toward smart casual, and the after-dinner entertainment is equally low key. Don’t get me wrong, there will be plenty of evening fun for those wanting it; however, after a day of wild and wonder-filled activity, followed by drinks and dinner, most passengers prefer rocking to sleep with the waves to rocking around the clock. </p> <p dir="ltr">Unless you are a New York socialite for whom dancing the night away in designer get-up may be the reason for booking a cruise. However, our ladies were different people now and about to teach me an important lesson. </p> <p dir="ltr">Until I met them, I held to expedition cruises being the preserve of nature lovers, photography nuts, eco-travellers, science boffins and adventure freaks; you were made for them or you weren’t. But, as the cruise neared its end and the New Yorkers and I dined together in wild sub-Antarctic weather, a particularly impressive southern ocean swell upended both their wine glasses into my lap. As happens occasionally on a polar ocean cruise, the captain directed us to our cabins to ride out the storm, and as we lurched from the dining room one of my dinner companions drawled to the other, “Hey, I’d much rather go upstairs and watch those albatrosses skim these waves!” </p> <p dir="ltr">The expedition cruise had done its job. Wherever these ladies sat on the nature appreciation continuum on boarding the ship, they were much further along it now. I was impressed by their efforts to make the most of a situation they obviously hadn’t expected and, who knows, they might even deliberately book an expedition cruise for their next vacation. </p> <p dir="ltr">At least they now have the gear.</p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Images: John Cardiner, Doug Gould [supplied, used with permission]</em></p>

International Travel

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Using a dental scanner on corals like a “magic wand”

<p>Dr Kate Quigley’s trip to the dentist might have revolutionised coral reef research.</p> <p>The intra-oral dental scanner her dentist was using turned out to be the perfect thing for scanning baby corals and learning critical information about their growth.</p> <p>“Baby corals and teeth are actually not too different. They’re both wet,” says Quigley, now a senior research scientist at the Minderoo Foundation.</p> <p>“Which might not seem like a big deal – but if you’re scanning something, that creates diffraction. […] Having tech that can work in a wet environment and handle a texture that’s wet, is actually really important.”</p> <p>There are a few other things that bring dental scanners and coral together, too.</p> <p>“The properties of teeth and baby coral skeletons are very similar. They’re calcium-based, slightly different, but similar enough that the resolution of the laser was tailored to coral skeletons, just by accident,” says Quigley.</p> <p>While conducting research at the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) and James Cook University, Quigley managed to get one of the tooth-scanning devices she’d seen at the dentist (the ITero Element 5D Flex), and test it on corals.</p> <p>Quigley has published a description of the new method in Methods in Ecology and Evolution.</p> <p>Monitoring coral growth is key to restoring and preserving it.</p> <p>“Growth and survival are really the currency of any monitoring program. It doesn’t matter what organism you’re looking at,” says Quigley.</p> <p>But it’s very difficult to monitor the growth of corals – because of their shape and size.</p> <p>“How most coral growth studies are done is really just taking 2D flat images. And that works really well when the coral is really young, say a month or two months, because they’re like little flat pancakes,” says Quigley.</p> <p>As they grow, corals develop very complex three-dimensional structures. Scanning these structures is time-consuming, and often destructive: the coral has to be killed in order to be scanned.</p> <p>The dental scanner takes quick, harmless scans and uses AI to combine the images into a 3D picture almost immediately.</p> <p>“Instead of taking all day and into the night, it takes two minutes,” says Quigley.</p> <p>It also provides better detail.</p> <p>“Baby corals start off really small. They’re almost invisible,” says Quigley.</p> <p>“Being able to measure those really fine scale differences, smaller than a millimetre, was also really important.”</p> <p>Quigley describes the scanner as “effectively a magic wand”.</p> <p>So far, the scanner’s been shown to work in a lab (at AIMS National Sea Simulator) and in the field – on a boat above the water.</p> <p>Unfortunately, it’s not waterproof enough to take diving. Yet.</p> <p>Quigley hopes it will become a regular tool used by coral researchers and restorers.</p> <p>“If we are thinking about scaling up reef restoration in the future we’re going to need a way to measure and monitor these individuals more effectively. It wouldn’t be sustainable if it’s one individual a day.”</p> <p>Quigley says that this discovery demonstrates the importance of thinking laterally.</p> <p>“In science I feel like there’s less and less room to just be creative anymore,” she says.</p> <p>“This has been a really interesting time for me – to dabble in dentistry and look at all the tech that’s available and may be useful in conservation.”</p> <p><strong>This article originally appeared on <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/nature/coral-dental-scanner/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cosmosmagazine.com</a> and was written by Ellen Phiddian.</strong></p> <p><em>Images: Shutterstock</em></p>

Travel Trouble

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Record coral cover doesn’t necessarily mean the Great Barrier Reef is in good health (despite what you may have heard)

<p>In what seems like excellent news, coral cover in parts of the Great Barrier Reef is at a record high, according to <a href="https://www.aims.gov.au/information-centre/news-and-stories/highest-coral-cover-central-northern-reef-36-years" target="_blank" rel="noopener">new data</a> from the Australian Institute of Marine Science. But this doesn’t necessarily mean our beloved reef is in good health.</p> <p>In the north of the reef, coral cover usually fluctuates between 20% and 30%. Currently, it’s at 36%, the highest level recorded since monitoring began more than three decades ago.</p> <p>This level of coral cover comes hot off the back of a <a href="https://theconversation.com/another-mass-bleaching-event-is-devastating-the-great-barrier-reef-what-will-it-take-for-coral-to-survive-180180" target="_blank" rel="noopener">disturbing decade</a> that saw the reef endure six mass coral bleaching events, four severe tropical cyclones, active outbreaks of crown-of-thorns starfish, and water quality impacts following floods. So what’s going on?</p> <p>High coral cover findings <a href="https://theconversation.com/a-lot-of-coral-doesnt-always-mean-high-biodiversity-10548" target="_blank" rel="noopener">can be deceptive</a> because they can result from only a few dominant species that grow rapidly after disturbance (such as mass bleaching). These same corals, however, are extremely susceptible to disturbance and are likely to die out within a few years.</p> <h2>The data are robust</h2> <p>The <a href="https://peerj.com/articles/4747/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Great Barrier Reef spans</a> 2,300 kilometres, comprising more than 3,000 individual reefs. It is an exceptionally diverse ecosystem that features more than 12,000 animal species, plus many thousand more species of plankton and marine flora.</p> <p>The reef has been teetering on the edge of receiving an “in-danger” <a href="https://theconversation.com/not-declaring-the-great-barrier-reef-as-in-danger-only-postpones-the-inevitable-164867" target="_blank" rel="noopener">listing</a> from the World Heritage Committee. And it was <a href="https://theconversation.com/this-is-australias-most-important-report-on-the-environments-deteriorating-health-we-present-its-grim-findings-186131" target="_blank" rel="noopener">recently described</a> in the State of the Environment Report as being in a poor and deteriorating state.</p> <p>To protect the Great Barrier Reef, we need to routinely monitor and report on its condition. The Australian Institute of Marine Science’s long-term monitoring program has been collating and delivering this information since 1985.</p> <p>Its approach involves surveying a selection of reefs that represent different habitat types (inshore, midshelf, offshore) and management zones. The <a href="https://www.aims.gov.au/monitoring-great-barrier-reef/gbr-condition-summary-2021-22" target="_blank" rel="noopener">latest report</a> provides a robust and valuable synopsis of how coral cover has changed at 87 reefs across three sectors (north, central and south) over the past 36 years.</p> <h2>The results</h2> <p>Overall, the long-term monitoring team found coral cover has increased on most reefs. The level of coral cover on reefs near Cape Grenville and Princess Charlotte Bay in the northern sector has bounced back from bleaching, with two reefs having <a href="https://www.aims.gov.au/sites/default/files/2022-08/AIMS_LTMP_Report_on%20GBR_coral_status_2021_2022_040822F3.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">more than 75% cover</a>.</p> <p>In the central sector, where coral cover has historically been lower than in the north and south, coral cover is now at a region-wide high, at 33%.</p> <p>The southern sector has a dynamic coral cover record. In the late 1980s coral cover surpassed 40%, before dropping to a region-wide low of 12% in 2011 after Cyclone Hamish.</p> <p>The region is currently experiencing outbreaks of crown-of-thorns starfish. And yet, coral cover in this area is still relatively high at 34%.</p> <p>Based on this robust data set, which shows increases in coral cover indicative of region-wide recovery, things must be looking up for the Great Barrier Reef – right?</p> <h2>Are we being catfished by coral cover?</h2> <p>In the Australian Institute of Marine Science’s report, reef recovery relates solely to an increase in coral cover, so let’s unpack this term.</p> <p>Coral cover is a broad proxy metric that indicates habitat condition. It’s relatively easy data to collect and report on, and is the most widely used monitoring metric on coral reefs.</p> <p>The finding of high coral cover may signify a reef in good condition, and an increase in coral cover after disturbance may signify a recovering reef.</p> <p>But in this instance, it’s more likely the reef is being dominated by only few species, as the report states that branching and plating Acropora species have driven the recovery of coral cover.</p> <p>Acropora coral are renowned for a “boom and bust” life cycle. After disturbances such as a cyclone, Acropora species function as pioneers. They quickly recruit and colonise bare space, and the laterally growing plate-like species can rapidly cover large areas.</p> <p>Fast-growing Acropora corals tend to dominate during the early phase of recovery after disturbances such as the recent series of mass bleaching events. However, these same corals are often susceptible to wave damage, disease or coral bleaching and tend to go bust within a few years.</p> <p>Inferring that a reef has recovered by a person being towed behind a boat to obtain a rapid visual estimate of coral cover is like flying in a helicopter and saying a bushfire-hit forest has recovered because the canopy has grown back.</p> <p>It provides no information about diversity, or the abundance and health of other animals and plants that live in and among the trees, or coral.</p> <h2>Cautious optimism</h2> <p>My <a href="https://theconversation.com/almost-60-coral-species-around-lizard-island-are-missing-and-a-great-barrier-reef-extinction-crisis-could-be-next-163714" target="_blank" rel="noopener">study</a>, published last year, examined 44 years of coral distribution records around Jiigurru, Lizard Island, at the northern end of the Great Barrier Reef.</p> <p>It suggested that 28 of 368 species of hard coral recorded at that location haven’t been seen for at least a decade, and are at risk of local extinction.</p> <p>Lizard Island is one location where coral cover has rapidly increased since the devastating 2016-17 bleaching event. Yet, there is still a real risk local extinctions of coral species have occurred.</p> <p>While there’s no data to prove or disprove it, it’s also probable that extinctions or local declines of coral-affiliated marine life, such as coral-eating fishes, crustaceans and molluscs have also occurred.</p> <p>Without more information at the level of individual species, it is impossible to understand how much of the Great Barrier Reef has been lost, or recovered, since the last mass bleaching event.</p> <p>Based on the coral cover data, it’s tempting to be optimistic. But given more frequent and severe heatwaves and cyclones are predicted in the future, it’s wise to be cautious about the reef’s perceived recovery or resilience.</p> <p><strong>This article originally appeared on The Conversation.</strong></p> <p><em>Image: Shutterstock</em></p>

Travel Trouble

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Couple book non-stop cruises for two-and-a-half years

<p dir="ltr">A couple who missed out on the joys of cruising during lockdown are now bunkering down and cruising non-stop for two-and-a-half years.</p> <p dir="ltr">Jessica and Marty Ansen left Brisbane on Princess Cruises’ Coral Princess on June 16 for the beginning of their exciting adventure.</p> <p dir="ltr">They have previously sailed on 31 cruises with Princess with a whopping 1,173 days at sea and when the resumption of cruises they were ready to get started again. </p> <p dir="ltr">From now until August 2024, the loved up couple will be holidaying on the high seas and on a staggering 53 different cruise ships! </p> <p dir="ltr">“Cruising offers the ultimate holiday experience. You go onboard, you only unpack once, and you have all this amazing entertainment, exceptional food, great company and you can see the world. And, the crew deliver incredible service - that’s why we cruise,” they said. </p> <p dir="ltr">The Ansens booked their two years of back-to-back cruises (795 sea days) - including two round-the-world cruises in 2023 and 2024 – with Brisbane-based family-owned travel agency Clean Cruising.</p> <p dir="ltr">Martine Hero, the Senior Consultant at Clean Cruising, said the Ansens had always been passionate about cruising and were keen to be back on the water again. </p> <p dir="ltr">“For the last two years Marty frequently mentioned all he and Jessica wanted to do was to go cruising again,” he said. </p> <p dir="ltr">“Since the announcement of the resumption of cruising we have had an influx of interest and bookings, including those of the Ansens. </p> <p dir="ltr">“This extended trip has been in the works for a long time, as have those of many other cruisers. </p> <p dir="ltr">“We want to thank our cruise fans for their patience as we get them back doing what they love most.”</p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Image: The Today Show</em></p>

Cruising

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Artificial intelligence tool learns “song of the reef” to determine ecosystem health

<p class="spai-bg-prepared">Coral reefs are among Earth’s most stunning and biodiverse ecosystems. Yet, due to human-induced climate change resulting in warmer oceans, we are seeing growing numbers of these living habitats dying.</p> <p class="spai-bg-prepared">The urgency of the crisis facing coral reefs around the world was highlighted in a recent <a class="spai-bg-prepared" href="https://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/the-reef/reef-health" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> that showed that 91% of Australia’s Great Barrier Reef had experienced coral bleaching in the summer of 2021–22 due to heat stress from rising water temperatures.</p> <p class="spai-bg-prepared">Determining reef health is key to gauging the extent of the problem and developing ways of intervening to save these ecosystems, and a new artificial intelligence (AI) tool has been developed to measure reef health using… sound.</p> <p class="spai-bg-prepared">Research coming out of the UK is using AI to study the soundscape of Indonesian reefs to determine the health of the ecosystems. The results, <a class="spai-bg-prepared" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X22004575?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">published</a> in <em class="spai-bg-prepared">Ecological Indicators</em>, shows that the AI tool could learn the “song of the reef” and determine reef health with 92% accuracy.</p> <p class="spai-bg-prepared">The findings are being used to track the progress of reef restoration.</p> <p class="spai-bg-prepared">“Coral reefs are facing multiple threats, including climate change, so monitoring their health and the success of conservation projects is vital,” says lead author Ben Williams of the UK’s University of Exeter.</p> <div class="newsletter-box spai-bg-prepared"> <div id="wpcf7-f6-p193163-o1" class="wpcf7 spai-bg-prepared" dir="ltr" lang="en-US" role="form"> </div> </div> <p class="spai-bg-prepared">“One major difficulty is that visual and acoustic surveys of reefs usually rely on labour-intensive methods. Visual surveys are also limited by the fact that many reef creatures conceal themselves, or are active at night, while the complexity of reef sounds has made it difficult to identify reef health using individual recordings.</p> <p class="spai-bg-prepared">“Our approach to that problem was to use machine learning – to see whether a computer could learn the song of the reef. Our findings show that a computer can pick up patterns that are undetectable to the human ear. It can tell us faster, and more accurately, how the reef is doing.”</p> <p class="spai-bg-prepared">Fish and other creatures make a variety of sounds in coral reefs. While the meaning of many of these calls remains a mystery, the new machine-learning algorithm can distinguish overall between healthy and unhealthy reefs.</p> <p class="spai-bg-prepared">Recordings used in the study were taken at the <a class="spai-bg-prepared" href="http://www.buildingcoral.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars Coral Reef Restoration Project</a>, which is restoring heavily damaged reefs in Indonesia.</p> <p class="spai-bg-prepared">The study’s co-author Dr Tim Lamont, a marine biologist at Lancaster University, said the AI method provides advantages in monitoring coral reefs.</p> <p class="spai-bg-prepared">“This is a really exciting development,” says Lamont. “Sound recorders and AI could be used around the world to monitor the health of reefs, and discover whether attempts to protect and restore them are working.</p> <p class="spai-bg-prepared">“In many cases it’s easier and cheaper to deploy an underwater hydrophone on a reef and leave it there than to have expert divers visiting the reef repeatedly to survey it, especially in remote locations.”</p> <p><img id="cosmos-post-tracker" class="spai-bg-prepared" style="opacity: 0; height: 1px!important; width: 1px!important; border: 0!important; position: absolute!important; z-index: -1!important;" src="https://syndication.cosmosmagazine.com/?id=193163&amp;title=Artificial+intelligence+tool+learns+%E2%80%9Csong+of+the+reef%E2%80%9D+to+determine+ecosystem+health" width="1" height="1" /></p> <div id="contributors"> <p><em><a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/technology/artificial-intelligence-reef-song/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">This article</a> was originally published on <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cosmos Magazine</a> and was written by <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/contributor/evrim-yazgin" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Evrim Yazgin</a>. Evrim Yazgin has a Bachelor of Science majoring in mathematical physics and a Master of Science in physics, both from the University of Melbourne.</em></p> <p><em>Image: Getty Images</em></p> </div>

Technology

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From the Red Centre to the green tropics, Australia’s Outback presents a palette like no other

<p><strong>By Reader's Digest, in partnership with APT</strong></p> <p>From the sunburnt sands and ochre-hued escarpments of its Red Centre to the lush green rainforests of Tropical North Queensland, Australia’s Outback packs a punch when it comes to the kaleidoscope of colours on show. <a href="https://www.aptouring.com.au/?utm_source=readersdigest&amp;utm_medium=advertorial&amp;utm_content=20200302_outback2020_readersdigest_native&amp;utm_campaign=outback2020">APT</a> has been operating tours in the Outback for more than 50 years, and are experts in tailoring holidays to showcase the best of each magical region.</p> <p><strong>A world of rainforest and reef</strong></p> <p>In Cape Tribulation, rainforest-clad mountains tumble down to meet the coastline, where pure white sands and turquoise waters dazzle. This is the only place on Earth where two World Heritage-listed sites meet – the Great Barrier Reef and the Daintree Rainforest. The Daintree is the oldest tropical lowland forest in the world and is home to thousands of species of birds, animals and reptiles. Here, giant fan palms, emerald green vines and ancient ferns tangle together, forming a dense rainforest that makes you feel as though you are stepping into Jurassic Park.</p> <p><em style="font-weight: inherit;">On tour</em></p> <p>APT offers an 11-day 4WD adventure through Cooktown &amp; Cape York. Arrive in Cairns and transfer to Port Douglas, where you’ll spend a night at the luxurious Sheraton Grand Mirage Resort. Travel to Mossman Gorge in Daintree National Park and set off on a Dreamtime Gorge Walk. Explore Cape Tribulation and Cooktown then visit Split Rock, an intriguing Indigenous rock art site. Take a helicopter flight into the Steve Irwin Wildlife Reserve before continuing north to the tip of Cape York. Here, set out on a walk to the tip of the peninsula and enjoy a helicopter flight for an aerial perspective on this incredible landscape.</p> <p><strong style="font-style: inherit;">Be moved by the outback’s heart</strong></p> <p>As the light shifts and changes throughout the day, so does the landscape at Uluru – the Outback’s spiritual heart. At sunrise, feel an overwhelming sense of calm as you watch this mighty monolith come to life against a pastel-coloured sky. In the afternoon, Uluru appears as an ochre-brown hue, scored with dark shadows. As the sun begins to set, it bathes the rock in burnt orange, then a series of deeper and darker reds, before it finally fades into charcoal as night falls. Spend a night at the Field of Light and savour dinner under the stars, accompanied by the soothing sounds of the didgeridoo. With Uluru in the background, watch in awe as 50,000 soft lights cover the desert floor behind you.</p> <p><em style="font-weight: inherit;">On tour</em></p> <p>On APT’s 11-day Central to South Explorer tour, start your journey in Uluru, where you’ll embark on a base tour at sunrise and experience a night at the Field of Light. Learn about the history of opal mining in Coober Pedy then travel along the iconic Oodnadatta Track to WIlliam Creek. Take an included scenic flight over spectacular Kati Thanda–Lake Eyre before journeying to Ikara-Flinders Ranges National Park. While here, spend two nights at the Ikara Safari Camp – the perfect base for exploring Wilpena Pound National Park. A winery lunch in Adelaide’s Clare Valley is the perfect ending to your journey.</p> <p><strong style="font-style: inherit;">Getting your fill of Lake Eyre</strong></p> <p>Few sights in Australia stir the soul more than that of the normally dry Lake Eyre filling with water and suddenly teeming with life. The lake, properly known as Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre, relies on monumental rains in Queensland and the Northern Territory for water to begin to flow into it. Last year saw the lake reach levels unseen for almost half a century, and it is hoped that 2020’s northern monsoon season will see the region once again alive with fish surging through the rivers that feed Lake Eyre, and its surface thronged with an array of birdlife including hundreds of thousands of pelicans. In a land battling drought and bushfires, the vision of water shimmering on the surface of the lake is life affirming. And it is something to be treasured and celebrated, so take this rare chance to go with the flow.</p> <p><strong><img style="width: 500px; height: 281.413612565445px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7843791/red-centre-2-um.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/5655363ea89d4bf1b0684a7bf50cfbba" /></strong></p> <p><strong>Paradise found amid corals and blooms</strong></p> <p>Stretching over 1,100 kilometres of seemingly untouched coastline, Western Australia’s Coral Coast is a marine paradise like no other. Here, waves lap lazily on pristine white-sand beaches and turtles sweep through sheltered turquoise bays.</p> <p>The crystal-clear waters of Ningaloo Marine Park harbour the world’s largest fringing reef. Beneath the surface, you’ll find dolphins, dugongs, manta rays, and more than 500 species of fish. There’s more to discover on land, where colourful blankets of native wildflowers burst into bloom between August and September along the spectacular Wildflower Way. For a whole new perspective on the region, take to the skies on a helicopter flight over the Dampier Archipelago. The staggering contrast between brilliant white beaches, aquamarine waters, and the rugged red Pilbara landscape is a breathtaking sight – one that can only be experienced from the air.</p> <p><em style="font-weight: inherit;">On tour</em></p> <p>Board the MS Caledonian Sky in Broome and navigate the remote islands of Western Australia’s Coral Coast on a 15-day small ship expedition cruise and 4WD adventure. Discover life below the surface while snorkelling the clear waters of this marine paradise. Disembark in Geraldton and continue the adventure as you explore Kalbarri National Park and the eerie limestone Pinnacles. To finish up your journey, there’s a stay in a luxury eco-tent on the beautiful Rottnest Island.</p> <p style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><em style="font-weight: inherit;">This </em><em>article originally appeared on <a href="mailto:https://www.readersdigest.com.au/travel/from-the-red-centre-to-the-green-tropics-australias-outback-presents-a-palette-like-no-other">Reader's Digest.</a></em></p> <p><em>Photos: Reader’s Digest</em></p>

Domestic Travel

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The huge threat facing our coral reefs

<p>There are more than 11 billion pieces of plastic debris on coral reefs across the Asia-Pacific, according to our new research, which also found that contact with plastic can make corals more than 20 times more susceptible to disease.</p> <p>In our study, <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aar3320" target="_blank">published in Science</a></strong></span>, we examined more than 124,000 reef-building corals and found that 89% of corals with trapped plastic had visual signs of disease - a marked increase from the 4% chance of a coral having disease without plastic.</p> <p>Globally, more than 275 million people live within 30km of coral reefs, relying on them for food, coastal protection, tourism income, and cultural value.</p> <p>With coral reefs already under pressure from climate change and mass <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="https://theconversation.com/back-to-back-bleaching-has-now-hit-two-thirds-of-the-great-barrier-reef-76092" target="_blank">bleaching events</a></strong></span>, our findings reveal another significant threat to the world’s corals and the ecosystems and livelihoods they support.</p> <p>In collaboration with numerous experts and underwater surveyors across Indonesia, Myanmar, Thailand and Australia, we collected data from 159 coral reefs between 2010 and 2014. In so doing, we collected one of the most extensive datasets of coral health in this region and plastic waste levels on coral reefs globally.</p> <p>There is a huge disparity between global estimates of plastic waste <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6223/768" target="_blank">entering the oceans</a></strong></span> and the amount that <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/114/23/6052.abstract" target="_blank">washes up on beaches</a></strong></span> or is found <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/111/28/10239.full" target="_blank">floating on the surface</a></strong></span>.</p> <p>Our research provides one of the most comprehensive estimates of plastic waste on the seafloor, and its impact on one of the world’s most important ecosystems.</p> <p>The number of plastic items entangled on the reefs varied immensely among the different regions we surveyed - with the lowest levels found in Australia and the highest in Indonesia.</p> <p>An estimated 80% of marine plastic debris originates from land. The variation of plastic we observed on reefs during our surveys corresponded to the estimated levels of plastic litter entering the ocean from the nearest coast. One-third of the reefs we surveyed had no derelict plastic waste, however others had up 26 pieces of plastic debris per 100 square metres.</p> <p>We estimate that there are roughly 11.1 billion plastic items on coral reefs across the Asia-Pacific. What’s more, we forecast that this will increase 40% in the next seven years – equating to an estimated 15.7 billion plastic items by 2025.</p> <p>This increase is set to happen much faster in developing countries than industrialised ones. According to our projections, between 2010 and 2025 the amount of plastic debris on Australian coral reefs will increase by only about 1%, whereas for Myanmar it will almost double.</p> <p><strong>How can plastic waste cause disease?</strong></p> <p>Although the mechanisms are not yet clear, the influence of plastic debris on disease development may differ among the three main global diseases we observed to increase when plastic was present.</p> <p>Plastic debris can open wounds in coral tissues, potentially letting in pathogens such as <em>Halofolliculina corallasia</em>, the microbe that causes skeletal eroding band disease.</p> <p>Plastic debris could also introduce pathogens directly. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) – a very common plastic used in children’s toys, building materials like pipes, and many other products – have been found carrying a family of bacteria called Rhodobacterales, which are associated with a suite of coral diseases.</p> <p>Similarly, polypropylene – which is used to make bottle caps and toothbrushes – can be colonised by <em>Vibrio</em>, a potential pathogen linked to a globally devastating group of coral diseases known as white syndromes.</p> <p>Finally, plastic debris overtopping corals can block out light and create low-oxygen conditions that favour the growth of microorganisms linked to black band disease.</p> <p>Structurally complex corals are eight times more likely to be affected by plastic, particularly branching and tabular species. This has potentially dire implications for the numerous marine species that shelter under or within these corals, and in turn the fisheries that depend on them.</p> <p>Our study shows that reducing the amount of plastic debris entering the ocean can directly prevent disease and death among corals.</p> <p>Once corals are already infected, it is logistically difficult to treat the resulting diseases. By far the easiest way to tackle the problem is by reducing the amount of mismanaged plastic on land that finds its way into the ocean.</p> <p>Do you think enough is being done to cope with this threat?</p> <p><em>Written by Joleah Lamb. Republished with permission of <a href="http://www.theconversation.com" target="_blank"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The Conversation</span></strong></a>.</em><img width="1" height="1" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/90694/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-advanced" alt="The Conversation"/></p>

International Travel

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This new ship will cure seasickness

<p>If you love cruises but constantly miss out because of frequent seasickness, we’ve got some exciting news for you. Aurora Expeditions, a cruise company operating in the Arctic and Antarctic, has developed a cutting-edge new ship that may put an end to queasy stomachs once and for all.</p> <p>Due for launch in late 2019, the 104m ship is fitted with innovative technology designed to cut through rough crossings with ease.</p> <p>“The vessel is the first to use the patented X-BOW technology which has the ability to pierce waves with much greater stability, making open sea journeys – like Antarctica’s notorious Drake Passage – more pleasant for passengers than what is currently available from other small ships on the market today,” Aurora Expeditions managing director Robert Halfpenny said.</p> <p>The pointed nose of the X-BOW vessel, unlike traditional ships which rise on waves then drop abruptly onto the ocean’s surface, is less prone to jerky vertical movements caused by rough seas.</p> <p><img width="498" height="245" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/36781/image__498x245.jpg" alt="Image_ (297)" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"/></p> <p>It’s also fuel- and energy-efficient and features custom platforms for adventure-seekers wishing to kayak or dive in the icy seas. There will also be a 180-degree indoor viewing deck, plus all the things you’d expect from a luxury liner like a gym, sauna and spa.</p> <p>If this sounds right up your alley, keep an eye out for itineraries to be released later this year.</p>

Cruising

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Coral expert debunks Great Barrier Reef myths

<p>Perhaps you've heard that the epic, 2200km-long Great Barrier Reef in Australia has died.</p> <p>Perhaps you've read that on Thursday the Australian government released it's report card giving the state of the reef a D for the fifth year in a row.</p> <p>Perhaps you've read its obituary by writer Rowan Jacobsen on the website Outside Online.</p> <p>But before you start mourning the loss of what Jacobsen calls "one of the most spectacular features on the planet," the community of scientists that study coral reefs in the Pacific Ocean would like you to hold up, slow down, and take a deep breath.</p> <p>The news isn't good, but it may not be as dire as the obituary may have you believe.</p> <p>"For those of us in the business of studying and understanding what coral resilience means, the article very much misses the mark," said Kim Cobb, a professor in Georgia Tech's School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences.</p> <p>"It's not too late for the Great Barrier Reef, and people who think that have a really profound misconception about what we know and don't know about coral resilience."</p> <p>Cobb spoke to us about the state of the world's largest reef system, and why there is reason for both concern and hope.</p> <p><strong>Q: Is the Great Barrier Reef dead?</strong></p> <p>No. It's not. We just had a massive bleaching event, but we know from past research that corals are able to recover from the brink of death.</p> <p><strong>Q: So bleached corals aren't dead corals?</strong></p> <p>That's right. There's lots of confusion about what bleaching means.</p> <p>Coral is an animal, and the animal exists in symbiosis with photosynthetic algae. The algae provides food for the coral in exchange for a great home. But when the water gets too warm, the algae become chemically destructive to the coral.</p> <p>When that happens, the coral convulses and spits out puffs of algae to protect itself.</p> <p>That removes all the colour from the coral tissue which is transparent, allowing you to see right through to the underlying skeleton.</p> <p>So you are not necessarily seeing dead coral, you're really just seeing clear coral without its algae.</p> <p><strong>Q: But bleaching is still bad, right?</strong></p> <p>Bleaching events are worrisome because if the coral misses this key food source from the algae for too long it will literally starve to death.</p> <p>But, if the water temperature comes back down, it will welcome the algae back. The key is that the water temperature change has to be relatively quick.</p> <p><strong>When was the massive bleaching event?</strong></p> <p>It started with the Hawaiian Islands bleaching in the early part of 2015 due to a moderate El Nino event in 2014-2015.</p> <p>After that there was the build up to the massive El Nino that culminated in the warmest ocean waters during the November 2015 time frame.</p> <p>Unfortunately, these warm waters didn't release their grip on many of the Pacific reefs until the spring of 2016, so that's nine months of pretty consistently high temperatures.</p> <p>That is a long time for a coral to be in a mode of starvation.</p> <p>H<strong>as the Great Barrier Reef been through anything like this before?</strong></p> <p>It has had very severe bleaching events associated with large El Ninos like we had last year, but the problem is we are seeing baseline ocean temperatures getting warmer every year.</p> <p>When you pile a strong El Nino on top of this ever warming trend, you get more extreme and more prolonged bleaching episodes.</p> <p>What was striking about this year was the extent of the damage.</p> <p>It was staggering.</p> <p>By important metrics the '97-'98 El Nino was bigger, but the damage from this last one was far more extensive.</p> <p><strong>So how can you remain hopeful about the fate of Great Barrier Reef and other reefs in the Pacific?</strong></p> <p>I work on a research site in the Christmas Islands that is literally smack in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, and which was much more devastated than the Great Barrier Reef.</p> <p>It was worse off than any reef in the world with up to 85 per cent mortality. But even in the face of that whole-scale destruction, we saw individual corals that were still alive, looking like nothing had happened.</p> <p>I cling to that. I know from my own site that there is a lot more resilience baked into the system then we can hope to understand right now and that out of the rubble will come a reef that may not look exactly like it looked before, but may be better adapted for future temperature change.</p> <p>It kind of sounds like an awesome research opportunity.</p> <p>You better believe it. This is a window into the future of global reefs. It's a great natural laboratory.</p> <p><em>Written by Deborah Netburn. First appeared on <a href="http://www.stuff.co.nz/%20%20" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>Stuff.co.nz</strong></span></a>. </em></p> <p><strong>Related links:</strong></p> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><a href="http://www.oversixty.com.au/news/news/2016/10/7-foods-to-lower-blood-pressure/"><strong>7 things to eat or avoid to lower your blood pressure</strong></a></em></span></p> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><a href="http://www.oversixty.com.au/lifestyle/relationships/2016/10/dorrie-jacobson-on-body-issues-and-intimacy/"><strong>How body image issues hold you back from intimacy</strong></a></em></span></p> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><a href="http://www.oversixty.com.au/lifestyle/home-garden/2016/10/the-healthiest-leanest-ways-to-cook/"><strong>5 of the healthiest, leanest ways to cook</strong></a></em></span></p>

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5 lesser-known cruise lines you will love

<p>Everyone is familiar with the big cruise lines, like Royal Caribbean, Carnival or P&amp;O – especially as one of their ships is docked at Sydney Harbour almost every day. But how about some of the lesser-known lines that offer a one of a kind experience?</p> <p><strong>1. Coral Expeditions</strong></p> <p>This small-ship line operates just a handful of vessels, all of which carry around 50 passengers. They sail around the Great Barrier Reef, through the Kimberley region or around the rugged wilderness of southern Tasmania. It’s best suited to adventurous, active travellers who like to spend their time off the ship, exploring, hiking or kayaking.</p> <p><strong>2. Viking Ocean Cruises</strong></p> <p>Viking River Cruises is one of the biggest names in the business with more than 50 ships sailing rivers around the world. But did you know they’ve also launched two ocean ships, and more are on the way? The mid-sized ships have a few really exciting features that you won’t find anywhere else, like an infinity pool cantilevered over the back of the ship and a glass-roofed central lounge area. Plus, almost everything onboard (like alcohol and specialty dining) is included in the price.</p> <p><strong>3. Fathom</strong></p> <p>This newly launched line is the first in the industry dedicated completely to voluntourism. It operates just the one ship, the Adonia, and sails from Miami to the Dominican Republic or Cuba where passengers engage in volunteer programs, like school visits and community projects. They are also encouraged to learn about the destination before they arrive, with lecture programs and language classes onboard during the voyage.</p> <p><strong>4. Un-Cruise Adventures</strong></p> <p>As the name suggests, Un-Cruise doesn’t think of themselves as a traditional cruise company. Operating a fleet of small ships in places like Mexico, Alaska, the Galapagos Islands and Hawaii, there’s a big focus on wilderness, wildlife and culture. Passengers will get to swim with sea lions, kayak around icebergs or hike through lush jungle looking for birds. There’s lots to do onboard too, with lectures, whale watching and sunrise yoga sessions.</p> <p><strong>6. Hapag-Lloyd</strong></p> <p>German cruise line Hapag-Lloyd operates what is generally regarded as the most luxurious ship in the world, but there’s a good chance you’ve never heard of it. The flagship Europa 2 is sleek, stylish and seriously swish. The cabins are huge, all come with a balcony, most have a bath tub with jets and many even have a steam sauna. There are 13 dining options for just 500 guests and the bilingual staff are on hand to meet your every need. At the same time, the atmosphere is relaxed and you never need to put on a tie if you don’t want to.</p> <p>What’s your favourite line to cruise with? Have you tried any of these under-the-radar, lesser-known cruise lines?</p> <p>Please share your story in the comments below.</p> <p><strong>Related links:</strong></p> <p><a href="/travel/cruising/2016/05/5-things-you-must-do-to-avoid-seasickness-on-a-cruise/"><strong><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">5 things you MUST do to avoid seasickness on a cruise</span></em></strong></a></p> <p><a href="/travel/cruising/2016/05/10-things-you-must-never-do-in-a-cruise-cabin/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>10 things you must never do in a cruise cabin</strong></em></span></a></p> <p><a href="/travel/cruising/2016/05/po-ships-first-new-zealand-cruise/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>P&amp;O’s first cruise around New Zealand</strong></em></span></a></p>

Cruising

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93 per cent of Great Barrier Reef hit by coral bleaching

<p>A comprehensive, aerial and underwater survey of the Great Barrier Reef has suggested that 93 percent of the World Heritage site has been affected by coral bleaching. </p> <p>A review of more than 900 individual reefs showed the severe bleaching had occurred in the northern section of the reef, stretching 1,000 kilometres north of Port Douglas.</p> <p>Professor Terry Hughes from the National Coral Bleaching Taskforce told <em>ABC News</em>, "We've never seen bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef of that severity and when bleaching is that strong it affects virtually all coral species. We expect the central and southern corals to regain their colour and recover over the next few months.”</p> <p>"The southern third of the Great Barrier Reef fortunately cooled down late in summer due to ex-cyclone Winston. The 2016 footprint could have been much worse.</p> <p>"In 1998 and 2002, 40 per cent of the reefs had no bleaching — it's only 7 per cent this time," he said. We also know in 1998 and 2002 about 18 per cent of the reefs were severely bleaching — this time it's over half.”</p> <p>"So by those metrics this bleaching event is three or four times more severe."</p> <p>The aerial survey, which began last month, covered 911 individual reefs and found that only 68 had escape bleaching entirely. Of those that had been bleached, more than half had been severely bleached.</p> <p>If a coral remains bleached for an extended period it is likely to die, and Mr Hughes expects a mortality rate as high as 50 per cent in some parts of the reef.</p> <p>Professor Andrew Baird, from the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, spent over two weeks at sea recording the bleaching, and told <em>ABC News</em>, "Tragically, the northern section is the most remote part of the reef, and its remoteness has protected it from most human pressures but not climate change. North of Port Douglas, we're already measuring an average of close to 50 per cent mortality of bleached corals."</p> <p><strong>Related links: </strong></p> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="/lifestyle/family-pets/2015/12/life-lessons-from-grandparents/"><em>Top 10 life lessons kids learn from grandparents</em></a></strong></span></p> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="/lifestyle/family-pets/2015/10/quotes-about-siblings/"><em>9 heart-warming quotes about siblings</em></a></strong></span></p> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><em><a href="/lifestyle/family-pets/2015/09/kids-addicted-to-technology/">How kids have fun today is alarmingly different to the good old days</a></em></strong></span></p>

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Coral beaching puts future of Great Barrier Reef at risk

<p>Concerns for the future of the Great Barrier Reef continue as Australian Environment Minister Greg Hunt has described the state of coral bleaching as, “major and significant”.</p> <p>Mr Hunt’s comments came after he received his latest briefing from the Reef 2050 Independent Expert Panel about the current state of bleaching.</p> <p>Mr Hunt said, “The event is still unfolding and the full extent and severity of bleaching may take several weeks to manifest. If major disturbances such as bleaching events occur more regularly, this will affect the reef's ability to recover.”</p> <p>Coral bleaching is a phenomenon that occurs due to increases in water temperature, and can kill or stunt the ability for the coral to recover.</p> <p>Mr Hunt’s admission comes as prominent naturalist Sir David Attenborough highlighted his concern for the reef’s future, “The twin perils brought by climate change, an increase in the temperature of the ocean and in its acidity threaten its very existence.”</p> <p>“Do we really care so little about the Earth on which we live that we don't wish to protect one of its greatest wonders from the consequences of our behaviour?”</p> <p><strong>Related links:</strong></p> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><em><a href="/lifestyle/family-pets/2016/02/vintage-photos-capture-pure-innocence-of-children/">Vintage photos capture the pure innocence of children</a></em></strong></span></p> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><em><a href="/lifestyle/family-pets/2016/02/how-to-bring-up-a-happy-child/">22 tips for bringing up a happy child</a></em></strong></span></p> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><em><a href="/lifestyle/family-pets/2016/02/heartwarming-photos-that-prove-every-child-needs-a-pet/">15 heartwarming photos that prove every child needs a pet</a></em></strong></span></p>

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Time-lapse video captures beauty of Ningaloo Marine Park

<p>While it may not get as much attention as the famous Great Barrier Reef, Ningaloo Marine Park is arguably just as spectacular a place to visit.</p> <p>Encompassing 260km of fringing reef off Western Australia’s mid north coast, Ningaloo Marine Park provides perfect conditions for snorkelling and whale watching.</p> <p>This UNESCO World Heritage Site is home to over 200 species of hard coral, 50 species of soft coral, 500 species of fish and the spectacular whale shark<a href="/travel/domestic-travel/2016/02/best-place-to-swim-with-whale-sharks-in-wa/" target="_blank">.</a></p> <p>And, as we can see in the video above, you don’t necessarily have to get your hair wet to experience the unparalleled beauty of this special part of the world.</p> <p>Filmed over the course of 40 hours at Coral Bay, this time-lapse video encompasses two sun sets, sun rises and spectacular moon rises over an untouched stretch of sand.</p> <p>It’s amazing to see the way the pollution-free sky changes in colour as the day progresses, so make sure you watch the whole video. </p> <p><em>Video credit: YouTube / Random</em></p> <p><strong>Related links:</strong></p> <p><a href="http://www.oversixty.co.nz/travel/international/2016/02/amazing-aerial-images-of-wa/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>10 amazing aerial images of Western Australia</strong></em></span></a></p> <p><a href="http://www.oversixty.co.nz/travel/international/2016/04/6-places-to-whale-watch-in-australia/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>6 places to go whale watching in Australia</strong></em></span></a></p> <p><a href="http://www.oversixty.co.nz/travel/international/2016/02/best-place-to-swim-with-whale-sharks-in-australia/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>Best place to swim with whale sharks in Australia</strong></em></span></a></p>

International Travel