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How efficient is the human brain?

<p><span style="font-size: 14px;">What is the difference between human brains and those of other mammals? Potentially, energy efficiency, according to a </span><a style="font-size: 14px;" rel="noopener" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04072-3" target="_blank">study</a><span style="font-size: 14px;">, published in </span><em style="font-size: 14px;">Nature.</em></p> <div class="copy"> <p>Neurons in the brain communicate with each other via electrical pulses. These pulses, generated as ions such as potassium and sodium, enter the cell through an ion channel. The channels act as an “on-off” switch by changing shape to alter the flow of the ions, either letting them in and generating an electrical signal, or closing to prevent the signal getting through.</p> <p>Now, a team of researchers from Massachusetts Institute of Technology have found that the number of ion channels in the human brain are at a lower density than in other mammals’ brains. They have hypothesised that this has helped human brains become more efficient.</p> <p>The researchers analysed neurons from 10 mammals – the most extensive electrophysical study of its kind to date – and found that bigger neurons lead to more ion channels in a relatively constant ratio of size-to-channels.</p> <p>What this means is that bigger neurons can still handle all the electrical pulses they are bombarded with because they have the ion channel capacity to process the ions. No matter the brain size, the energetic cost to run each mammal’s brain was about the same.</p> <p><strong>The human brain is the exception</strong></p> <p>That is, in every mammal except humans, who had a much lower density of ion channels than expected.</p> <p>“Previous comparative studies established that the human brain is built like other mammalian brains, so we were surprised to find strong evidence that human neurons are special,” says former MIT graduate student Lou Beaulieu-Laroche.</p> <p>Graphical abstract. Created on imgflip by Cosmos.</p> <p>One benefit of a lower density of ion channels may be that less energy is used on pumping ions into neurons, which could then be diverted to other processes, like creating more complicated synaptic connections.</p> <p>“If the brain can save energy by reducing the density of ion channels, it can spend that energy on other neuronal or circuit processes,” says Mark Harnett, an associate professor of brain and cognitive sciences, a member of MIT’s McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and the senior author of the study.</p> <p>“We think that humans have evolved out of this building plan that was previously restricting the size of cortex, and they figured out a way to become more energetically efficient, so you spend less [energy] per volume compared to other species.”</p> <p>In this case, the human brain could run on the same amount of power as other mammal brains but perform more complex procedures with the excess energy diverted from ion channels.</p> <p>Harnett hopes to study where that extra energy is being used and whether there are any specific genes responsible for ion channel density exclusive to humans.</p> <!-- Start of tracking content syndication. Please do not remove this section as it allows us to keep track of republished articles --> <img id="cosmos-post-tracker" style="opacity: 0; height: 1px!important; width: 1px!important; border: 0!important; position: absolute!important; z-index: -1!important;" src="https://syndication.cosmosmagazine.com/?id=172198&amp;title=How+efficient+is+the+human+brain%3F" alt="" width="1" height="1" /> <!-- End of tracking content syndication --></div> <div id="contributors"> <p><em><a rel="noopener" href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/science/biology/how-efficient-is-the-human-brain/" target="_blank">This article</a> was originally published on <a rel="noopener" href="https://cosmosmagazine.com" target="_blank">Cosmos Magazine</a> and was written by <a rel="noopener" href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/contributor/dr-deborah-devis" target="_blank">Deborah Devis</a>. Deborah Devis is a science journalist at Cosmos. She has a Bachelor of Liberal Arts and Science (Honours) in biology and philosophy from the University of Sydney, and a PhD in plant molecular genetics from the University of Adelaide.</em></p> <p><em>Image: Getty Images</em></p> </div>

Mind

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10 simple tips for fuel efficient driving

<p>When you consider how much a trip to the bowser generally costs, it only makes sense that you’d want to be doing everything possible to ensure you don’t have to return more frequently than you have to. The good news is there’s actually quite a lot you can do.</p> <p>We’ve put together 10 simple tips for fuel efficient driving. These measures will get more mileage out of your vehicle, so you get the most out of each tank.</p> <p><strong>1. Drive smoothly as possible</strong></p> <p>Try to drive smoothly, rather than rushing to the speed limit and braking forcefully (except in an emergency). Erratic braking and acceleration guzzles petrol.</p> <p><strong>2. Switch off the engine</strong></p> <p>An idling car uses up more petrol than you think, so if you’re stuck in a gridlock and not moving anywhere don’t be afraid to switch your engine off for a moment.</p> <p><strong>3. Be mindful of your speed</strong></p> <p>The rate you’re moving makes a big difference in terms of fuel consumption, and a car travelling at 110kph uses much more fuel than one driving at 90kph.</p> <p><strong>4. Make sure tyres are inflated</strong></p> <p>The inflation of your tyres is essential for optimum performance, so keep your tyres inflated and make sure you check the pressure of them regularly. </p> <p><strong>5. Turn your air conditioner off</strong></p> <p>If you don’t need your air conditioner don’t use it. In some vehicles, operating your air conditioner at speeds greater than 80kph can use 10 per cent extra fuel. </p> <p><strong>6. Remove unnecessary accessories</strong></p> <p>Items like roof racks and spoilers add significantly to air resistance, which you’ll pay for over time at the bowser. So if you don’t need these items, lose them!</p> <p><strong>7. Undertake regular maintenance</strong></p> <p>The key to good engine performance is regular maintenance and if your car is well-tuned you can be confident your vehicle is using fuel as efficiently as possible.</p> <p><strong>8. Lighten the load</strong></p> <p>Are lighter car is a more efficient car, so if you’ve got personal items like golf clubs, fitness equipment in the boot remove them before setting out. </p> <p><strong>9. Lazy gear selection</strong></p> <p>If you’re driving a manual, avoid sitting in a low gear once revs are sufficient to change up and avoid sitting in a high gear when engine is straining to maintain revs as this practice can have you burning through quite a lot of fuel over time.</p> <p><strong>10. Stay alert in an automatic</strong></p> <p>If you’re driving an automatic vehicle, be conscious of your use of the accelerator. Ease off slightly when the engine is ready to change up and you can save fuel.</p> <p>How do you handle petrol prices? Can you see yourself using any of these tips? Or are there any that you use yourself that we should include.</p> <p>Share your thoughts in the comments.</p> <p><strong>Related links:</strong></p> <p><a href="/news/news/2016/06/queens-sneaky-solution-to-couple-blocking-her-car/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><em>The Queen’s sneaky solution to a couple blocking her car</em></strong></span></a></p> <p><a href="http://www.oversixty.co.nz/lifestyle/home-garden/2016/06/homemade-windscreen-washing-fluid/"><strong><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">3 ways to make your own windscreen washing fluid</span></em></strong></a></p> <p><a href="http://www.oversixty.co.nz/news/news/2016/05/futuristic-hoverbus-china-traffic-problem/"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em>Futuristic hoverbus to tackle China’s traffic problem</em></span></strong></a></p>

Money & Banking

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Surprising tips for using a toothbrush more efficiently

<p>In 2011, a report from <a href="http://www.aihw.gov.au/" target="_blank"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare</span></strong></a> found 40 per cent of the population don’t go to the dentist regularly. With this staggering statistic, it is very important to know how to prevent misdemeanours with our teeth occurring.</p> <p>The first key to learning how to look after your teeth is making sure we are using our most powerful tool properly – our toothbrush.</p> <p>This clever infographic made by <a href="http://koreabizwire.com/kobiz-infographics-how-to-use-a-toothbrush-properly-for-healthy-teeth-and-gums/8806" target="_blank"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Kobiz media</span></strong></a> breaks down not only how we should be brushing our teeth but how to store your toothbrush, sterilise them and avoid common pitfalls that could be doing us more harm then we know.</p> <p><img width="498" height="724" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/20635/toothbrush-infographic_498x724.jpg" alt="Toothbrush Infographic"/></p> <p><strong>Related links:</strong></p> <p><a href="http://www.oversixty.co.nz/lifestyle/home-garden/2016/04/common-unhygienic-bathroom-habits/"><strong><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">12 common bathroom habits that are unhygienic</span></em></strong></a></p> <p><a href="http://www.oversixty.co.nz/health/body/2016/04/dog-dental-assistant-helps-calm-patients/"><strong><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Dog dental assistant helps calm patient</span></em></strong></a></p> <p><a href="http://www.oversixty.co.nz/health/body/2016/02/ways-to-naturally-whiten-your-teeth/"><strong><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">3 ways to naturally whiten your teeth</span></em></strong></a></p>

Body

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Tips to clean faster and more efficiently

<p>Cleaning is called a chore for a good reason: most of us find it tedious and annoying, especially when we have better things to do. That's why this speedy cleaning guide is your new best friend – you'll have the house spotless in record time.</p> <p><strong>1. Stay focused</strong></p> <p>Don't be tempted to check Instagram or Facebook, because it will only slow your cleaning down. Put your phone and laptop away, and put on some music if you feel you need something to get you going. By chucking on music similar to your exercise playlist you'll be motivated to move, and move faster.</p> <p><strong>2. Group jobs together, not rooms</strong></p> <p>It might feel more efficient to do each room separately, but it's actually better to group your chores into tasks such as dusting, vacuuming and mopping, so you don't have to keep switching cleaning products or tools. It might involve more running around but that just means you're getting more exercise, and more exercise is never a bad thing.</p> <p><strong>3. Find a cleaning pattern</strong></p> <p>Decide on a cleaning routine, and stick to it. For example, you might start by dusting the entire house, then cleaning the bathroom and the kitchen before vacuuming and mopping.</p> <p>Whatever you decide to do, make it your routine so it becomes a habit, which will ultimately speed up your cleaning time.</p> <p><strong>4. Fast, streak-proof window and mirror cleaning</strong></p> <p>Scrunched-up newspaper will give you much better results than a paper towel, and the key is to make sure the paper doesn't get too damp. If you've got much larger surfaces to clean, a squeegee is the fastest streak-free cleaning tool.</p> <p><strong>5. Best dusting method</strong></p> <p>Your grandmother was on the money with her old feather duster. A feather duster is better than a cloth because you can get into trickier areas with ease, such as high places.</p> <p>If real feathers aren't your thing, there are many synthetic feather dusters available that work just as well.</p> <p><strong>6. Quick floor cleaning</strong></p> <p>Forget a broom: you should be able to vacuum all floor surfaces, so save yourself time and ditch the fiddly dustpan and broom when you're doing a big clean.</p> <p>When vacuuming, use an extension cord and plug it into a central power socket. This will save you from having to continually change power sockets while you're vacuuming. Even better, invest in a cordless stick vacuum cleaner – a blessing for multistorey homes.</p> <p><strong>7. Get rid of gunk and grime the easy way</strong></p> <p>If you have some serious soap scum build-up in the shower or stuck-on grime on the stovetop, use a plastic knife or plastic kitchen scraper to remove most of the gunk. You'll be able to quickly scrub the rest off which much less effort afterwards.</p> <p><strong>8. Keep your cleaning products in a bucket</strong></p> <p>Instead of going back and forth to get the products you need, store all the essentials along with sponges, cloths and gloves in a bucket so you can carry it around with you.</p> <p>Keep the bucket in a useful spot like under the kitchen sink or in a bathroom cupboard, so the products are easily within reach if you want to do a quick once-over.</p> <p><strong>9. Ban clutter</strong></p> <p>Cleaning is much easier if you don't have to dust around a thousand tiny knick-knacks or rearrange your coffee table book collection. Keep clutter to a minimum or ban it in particular rooms for swifter cleaning.</p> <p><strong>10. Keep on top of things</strong></p> <p>It's probably not a tip everyone will like, but if you keep on top of little things like wiping down the sink and stovetop after dinner, or wiping the shower with a squeegee, your big clean will be less hassle and ultimately much faster.</p> <p><em>Written by Rachel Clun. First appeared on</em> <a href="http://www.stuff.co.nz/"><strong><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Stuff.co.nz </span></em></strong></a></p> <p><strong>Related links:</strong></p> <p><strong><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://www.oversixty.co.nz/lifestyle/home-garden/2016/02/household-items-youre-cleaning-wrong/">6 household items you’re cleaning wrong</a></span></em></strong></p> <p><strong><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://www.oversixty.co.nz/lifestyle/home-garden/2016/02/diy-3-ingredient-alternative-to-bleach/">The DIY 3-ingredient alternative to bleach</a></span></em></strong></p> <p><strong><em><a href="http://www.oversixty.co.nz/lifestyle/home-garden/2016/02/how-often-you-should-clean-household-items/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">How often you should actually clean household items</span></a></em></strong></p>

Home & Garden

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Easy energy saving tips for your pool

<p>While having a pool in the backyard is great, especially during a hot summer, it’s also a drain on your finances. Follow our simple tips to reduce your pool’s energy usage.</p> <p><strong>1. Upgrade to an energy efficient pool pump</strong></p> <p>Pool pumps can be one of the largest users of electrical energy in a home. If you upgrade your pool pump to an energy efficient one, you can save a lot of money in the long run. </p> <p><strong>2. Clear the filter</strong></p> <p>Make sure you regularly clear the water inlet to the pool pump. Remove any leaves and debris as they can impact the water flow which requires the pool pump to work harder and use more energy.</p> <p><strong>3. Keep your pool cool</strong></p> <p>The warmer you like your pool, the more energy and chemicals needed to keep the pool clean.</p> <p><strong>4. Use a pool cover</strong></p> <p>Installing a pool cover reduces the impact of evaporation and water loss. A cover can also catch any falling debris which minimises the energy needed to clear your pool.</p> <p><strong>5. Regularly clean the pool</strong></p> <p>Maintaining the upkeep of your pool is a great way to reduce energy expenditure as it means less energy is needed to filter the pool water. If you regularly clean your pool, you can reduce the amount of hours your filtration is on to around three hours.  </p> <p><strong>6. Switch off the heater</strong></p> <p>If you’re not using your pool or spa for an extended period of time, switch it off.</p> <p><strong>Related links:</strong></p> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong><a href="/lifestyle/energy/2015/11/tips-save-energy-in-summer/"></a></strong></em></span></p> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong><a href="http://www.oversixty.co.nz/lifestyle/home-garden/2015/12/how-to-save-energy-on-your-appliances/">6 ways to save energy on your appliances</a></strong></em></span></p> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong><a href="/lifestyle/energy/2015/11/tips-save-energy-in-summer/"></a></strong></em></span></p> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong><a href="http://www.oversixty.co.nz/lifestyle/home-garden/2015/12/stains-never-to-clean-with-water/">4 stains you shouldn’t use water to clean</a></strong></em></span></p> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong><a href="/lifestyle/energy/2015/11/tips-save-energy-in-summer/"></a></strong></em></span></p> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong><a href="http://www.oversixty.co.nz/home-garden/2015/12/household-tricks-from-the-1900s-2/">More great vintage household tricks from the 1900s</a></strong></em></span></p>

Home & Garden