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Why do dogs have different coats? Experts explain – and give grooming tips for different types

<a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/susan-hazel-402495">Susan Hazel</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-adelaide-1119">University of Adelaide</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/mia-cobb-15211">Mia Cobb</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/the-university-of-melbourne-722">The University of Melbourne</a> Dog hair comes in many varieties, from shaggy to short, curly to straight. If you live with a dog, you live with their hair – on your couch, in your clothes, it’s everywhere! Beyond colour, have you ever wondered what’s behind the differences in coat type? We actually know quite a lot about why dogs have different coats, and it comes down to their genes. <h2>What are the main coat types in dogs?</h2> The three main features of dog coats are how long the hairs are, whether they are curly or straight, and whether they have extra flourishes. The flourishes are called “furnishings”, and can include a hairy moustache and shaggy eyebrows. Combinations of these three features result in seven different coat types in dogs: short, wire, wire and curly, long, long with furnishings, curly, and curly with furnishings. We know from a <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.1177808">study of more than 1,000 dogs with varying coats</a> that differences in only three genes are responsible for this variety. The gene responsible for long hair (called FGF5) is <a href="https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/basics/patterns">recessive</a>, meaning dogs must have two copies of the mutated gene to have long hair. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1402862111">In humans</a>, the same gene has been identified in families with excessively long eyelashes. Curly coats in dogs are related to a gene called <a href="https://www.pawprintgenetics.com/products/tests/details/173/">KRT71</a>, which affects keratin, a protein involved in hair formation. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2974189/">Mutations in this gene</a> in cats result in hairless (Sphynx) or curly-haired (Devon Rex) breeds. The gene responsible for furnishings (<a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/rspo2/">RSPO2</a>) is involved in establishing hair follicles. <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/hair-follicle">Hair follicles</a> are small pockets in the skin that grow hair. Variations in these three genes could explain the coat type in most (but not all!) of the dogs tested. For example, the long coat of the Afghan hound is not explained by these three genes. Further study is needed to identify less common mutations and genes controlling the coat in these dogs. The earliest dog breeds would have been short-haired, as a result of the “wild-type” genes. Later changes would have arisen through mutation and deliberate selection <a href="https://theconversation.com/managing-mutations-of-a-species-the-evolution-of-dog-breeding-96635">through modern breeding practices</a>. If all three mutations are present, the dog has a long, curly coat with furnishings. An example is the Bichon Frisé. <h2>What else varies in dog coats?</h2> Dog coat types can also be single or double. In a double-coated breed such as a Labrador, there is a longer coarse layer of hairs and a softer and shorter undercoat. Wolves and ancestral dogs are single-coated, and the double coat is a result of a <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/10/5/323">mutation in chromosome 28</a>. In the Labrador, the mutation was probably selected for as they were bred to <a href="https://www.gov.nl.ca/releases/2023/exec/0525n07/">retrieve fishing nets in Canada</a>. The double coat is a great insulator and helps them to stay warm, even in icy water. <h2>Why does it matter what kind of coat a dog has?</h2> We know with climate change our world is going to get hotter. Dogs with a double coat are less able to tolerate heat stress, as their hair prevents heat loss. In a study of dogs <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/avj.13296">suffering heat-related illness</a>, most of the 15 breeds at higher risk had double coats. The death rate in these dogs was 23%. We can only imagine how it must feel going out on a 40 degree day wearing a thick fur coat. Dogs with a double coat shed more hair than dogs with a single coat. This means even short-haired breeds, like the Labrador retriever, can shed an astonishing amount of hair. If you can’t tolerate dog hair, then a dog with a double-coat may not suit you. When we think of wool we think of sheep, but in the past <a href="https://www.si.edu/stories/woolly-dog-mystery-unlocked">woolly dogs were kept for their wool</a> that was <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adi6549">woven by Indigenous groups</a> and used to make blankets. A dog’s coat also affects how much time and effort is needed for grooming. Dogs with long or curly hair with furnishings are likely to need more time invested in their care, or visits to a professional groomer. Designer dogs (cross-bred dogs often crossed with a poodle, such as groodles), are likely to be curly with furnishings. In a US study, people with designer dogs reported meeting their dogs’ maintenance and grooming requirements was <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/23/3247">much harder than they expected</a>. It’s not just bank balances and the time needed that can suffer. If people are unable to cope with the demands of grooming long-haired dogs, lack of grooming can cause welfare problems. A study of animal cruelty cases in New York found <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2022.827348/full">13% involved hair matting</a>, with some hair mats causing strangulation wounds and 93% of affected dogs having long hair. <h2>How can you prevent problems?</h2> If you have a curly- or long-haired breed of dog, it will help to train them to like being brushed from an early age. You can do this by counter-conditioning so they have a positive emotional response to being groomed, rather than feeling anxious. First show the brush or lightly brush them, then give them a treat. They learn to associate being brushed with something positive. If you take your dog to the groomer, it’s very important their first experience is positive. A scary or painful incident will make it much more difficult for future grooming. Is your dog difficult to groom or hard to get out of the car at the groomers? It’s likely grooming is scary for them. Consulting a dog trainer or animal behaviourist who focuses on positive training methods can help a lot. Keeping your dog well groomed, no matter their hair type, will keep them comfortable. More important than looking great, feeling good is an essential part of dogs living their best lives with us.<img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/232480/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /> <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/susan-hazel-402495">Susan Hazel</a>, Associate Professor, School of Animal and Veterinary Science, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-adelaide-1119">University of Adelaide</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/mia-cobb-15211">Mia Cobb</a>, Research Fellow, Animal Welfare Science Centre, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/the-university-of-melbourne-722">The University of Melbourne</a> Image credits: Shutterstock This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/why-do-dogs-have-different-coats-experts-explain-and-give-grooming-tips-for-different-types-232480">original article</a>.

Family & Pets

Why these dog breeds are ideal for seniors

Reasons why dogs are good for seniors Affectionate, loyal, nurturing: There are lots of reasons why dogs make great companions for seniors. Not only do dogs provide comfort and friendship, but they also help keep seniors healthy and encourage sociability. In fact, a 2019 study found that people who owned dogs were more likely to maintain better heart health and be more active, than those without pets. “Dogs give seniors a reason to get up and move – and walking a dog keeps them fit,” explains veterinarian Dr Anita Kinscher-Juran. Another plus: When you get out of the house for that walk, you have more chances to be social, too, from greeting neighbours on the street to impromptu conversations with fellow dog owners. But adopting a dog is a big decision. Just like with a human companion, you need to understand what you’re looking for in a dog before committing to a long-term living arrangement. Some important points to think about as you search for the best dogs for seniors are energy levels (vets often recommend calm dog breeds for older folks), the size of your home (<a href="https://www.readersdigest.com.au/pets/13-best-apartment-dogs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">these are the best apartment dogs</a>) and the size of the dog, the breed’s socialness (some breeds, like Pomeranians, make the best emotional support dogs) and a dog’s age and temperament. Health and grooming needs and maintenance requirements (i.e. how often dogs need to be brushed, for instance) are also important considerations. Cocker spaniels, while super cute with their big, long ears, are also known for having frequent ear infections, for instance. And while Havanese, one of the cutest white dog breeds, are very portable, they also require a lot of grooming. The decision to adopt a pet is not one that should be taken lightly. “Bringing a pet into the household is a lifelong decision for that animal,” says Dr Kinscher-Juran. But after thoroughly considering your situation and needs, it’s comforting to know, as Dr Kinscher-Juran says “that there is a dog for everyone and every age.” Here are the top 15 best dogs for seniors. Best overall: Bichon Frise These white powder puffs of a dog are known for their sweet and friendly nature and are perfect for seniors seeking easy companionship – they also make <a href="https://www.readersdigest.com.au/food-home-garden/pets/15-best-dogs-for-first-time-owners" target="_blank" rel="noopener">great pets for first-time dog owners</a>. These low-maintenance pups aren’t difficult to potty train and don’t shed much, which is why they are one of the best dogs for older people, Dr Kinscher-Juran says. (But to keep their snow-white hair looking fluffy, they do require grooming every five or so weeks.) Bichons are gentle and playful and they get along well with other pets and children, so you don’t need to put them in another room if the grandkids stop by! At an average of 5 to 8 kilograms, they are also super portable. Not to mention smart. “One of my favourite bichons knew how to give a kiss in three different languages, one of which was Portuguese,” says Dr Kinscher-Juran. Like the best toy dogs, they are perfectly content to sit on your lap for hours every morning, as you read the paper or watch the news. Bichon Frise’s don’t require long, five kilometre hikes to keep them happy, rather they’re fine with 20- to 30-minute leisurely strolls. What they crave most is attention, something seniors often have time to give. Breed Overview Height: 24 to 30 cms Weight: 5 to 8 kgs Life expectancy: 14 to 15 years Best lap dog: Cavalier King Charles spaniel If you are looking for one of the best dogs for older people, cavalier King Charles spaniels should be high on your list. It’s easy to fall in love with their big eyes and long ears. And Cavalier King Charles spaniels, in turn, like nothing more than to kiss and cuddle with their owners. Cavalier King Charles spaniels have an eager to please personality, which makes them easier to train. They also only require a moderate amount of exercise, which can be good for less active seniors. Beauty, of course, requires attention. Dr Kinscher-Juran suggests brushing their long luxurious coats once a day, which isn’t hard to do, considering they’re one of the best lap dog breeds! Breed Overview Height: 3.5 to 33 cms Weight: 5.8 to 8 kgs Life expectancy: 12 to 15 years Best apartment dog: Pug If you are looking for one of the best dogs for older people, cavalier King Charles spaniels should be high on your list. It’s easy to fall in love with their big eyes and long ears. And Cavalier King Charles spaniels, in turn, like nothing more than to kiss and cuddle with their owners. Cavalier King Charles spaniels have an eager to please personality, which makes them easier to train. They also only require a moderate amount of exercise, which can be good for less active seniors. Beauty, of course, requires attention. Dr Kinscher-Juran suggests brushing their long luxurious coats once a day, which isn’t hard to do, considering they’re one of the best lap dog breeds! Breed Overview Height: 3.5 to 33 cms Weight: 5.8 to 8 kgs Life expectancy: 12 to 15 years Best small dog: Maltese One of the best small dogs for seniors is the Maltese. These adorable white toy dogs were specifically bred to be companions. Loyal, sweet-natured, calm and adaptable, it’s not hard for a Maltese to quickly become seniors’ best four-legged friend. Though they love following their owners around, all they really need for health is short easy walks. At an average of 2 kilograms, Malteses are also easily transportable (which is a good thing since Malteses don’t like to be left alone too long). Their small size also makes them well suited for apartments or homes with limited space. You can’t mention a Maltese without mentioning their long, silky, white mane, which can be braided or put into a bun. “For the person who wants a living Barbie doll, and loves playing with hair, Malteses are your dog,” Dr. Kinscher-Juran says. But if all that grooming becomes too much, you can have the hair trimmed or shaped down. Breed Overview Height: 17 to 22 cms Weight: Under 3 kgs Life expectancy: 12 to 15 years Most social dog: Havanese Sweet, friendly and eager for attention: Havanese make great companions for seniors who find themselves at home more. As a breed, Haveneses don’t like to be alone for very long. (There’s a reason they’re called Velcro dogs). These super social dogs crave affection and get along well with other breeds and strangers. Their high intelligence makes them easier to train and potty train. And at about 5 kgs, they are easy to carry. Walks might take a bit longer with Haveneses because they will want to try to say hi to everyone. But for seniors, looking for sociability, this is not such a bad thing! That’s why Havaneses are one of the best dogs for seniors. Breed Overview Height: 22 to 30 cms Weight: 3 to 6 kgs Life expectancy: 14 to 16 years Best house dog: Miniature schnauzers Miniature schnauzers are one of the most adaptable breeds of dogs. Originally bred as a farm dog in Germany, miniature schnauzers are just as content living in an assisted living facility as they are roaming outdoors. Small, sturdy, hypoallergenic and affectionate, miniature schnauzers are great with, say, rambunctious grandchildren. And their calmness – and attunement to the moods of humans – make them excellent therapy animals. Miniature schnauzers both play hard and relax hard. They need a moderate amount of daily exercise but are also good at simply lounging around, while their owners watch TV or make dinner. Breed Overview Height: 30.5 to 36 cms Weight: 5 to 9 kgs Life expectancy: 12 to 15 years Best large dog: Greyhound With their lean bodies, flexible spines, and long legs, greyhounds are known for their athletic ability and for being the fastest dog breed. What is not as well-known is that their gentle and sensitive temperament and minimal grooming needs make them one of the best dogs for seniors. Older, retired racing greyhounds are often the best choice for seniors,. “As racing dogs, they often live on a track without much positive human and social interaction,” Dr Kinscher-Juran says. “When they’re adopted, they’re far more appreciative of the loving home you are providing, and don’t seem to take that for granted.” And though they do need daily exercise, greyhounds – perhaps surprisingly! – are renowned for their laziness. Weighing anywhere from 27 to 31.7 kgs, these gentle giants, are content to lounge around the house, accepting pets and back rubs. Breed Overview Height: 67 to 76 cms Weight: 27 to 31.7 kgs Life expectancy: 10 to 13 years Best with grandkids: Golden Retrievers Golden retrievers are a large breed with an even larger heart. For seniors looking for gentle dog breeds, golden retrievers are loyal, friendly, intelligent, people-pleasers. They are easy to train, famous for their patience and great with the grandkids. Golden retrievers do require consistent, hard exercise every day, but they are more than content for part of that exercise to consist of finding and retrieving balls in the backyard. Though golden retrievers can weigh up to 34 kgs and more, they still think of themselves as lap dogs. “Golden retrievers are happy to sit with you on the patio at the end of the day, with their head on your lap, watching the sunset,” Dr Kinscher-Juran says. Breed Overview Height: 54.5 to 61 cms Weight: 25 to 34 kgs Life expectancy: 10 to 12 years Best hypoallergenic: Toy Poodle For seniors with allergies or respiratory issues, poodles are one of the best hypoallergenic dog breeds. Poodles have a single-layer coat that doesn’t shed (though all that beautiful, naturally curly hair requires a lot of brushing and grooming!). They come in multiple sizes, from tiny teacup poodles, that weigh between 1.8 to 2.7 kgs to small toy poodles that weigh between 2.7 to 4 kgs to miniature poodles that weigh between 6.8 to 7.7 kgs to standard poodles that weigh between 20.4 to 31.75 kgs. Like the best sort of human companion, poodles are known for both their beauty and their brains. Their high intelligence makes them easy to train (helpful for seniors) and their affectionate personality makes them easy to love. The smaller toy poodle is a top choice for seniors. Breed Overview Height: 25 cms max Weight: 1.8 to 2.7 kgs Life expectancy: 10 to 18 years Best dog for those who like a clean house: Groodle A cross between poodles and golden retrievers, groodles (or goldendoodles), which weigh between 22.6 to 40 kgs, are known for possessing the best traits of both breeds. They’re loyal, obedient and loving. For seniors with allergies, or those who prefer to avoid daily vacuuming, groodles, who mostly don’t shed and are hypoallergenic, make great companions. You don’t need to have been an experienced pet owner to adopt one: Groodle’s intelligence and easy-going temperament make them easy to train. Groodles do love exercise though, especially swimming. Bonus points if you’re a senior that lives by a body of water! Breed Overview Height: 48 to 61 cms Weight: 13.6 to 20 kgs Life expectancy: 10 to 15 years Best for active seniors: Westies Recognisable by their white mane and dark, almond-shaped eyes, the West Highland white terrier (aka Westie) are friendly, loving companions for active seniors. At 5.8 to 9 kgs, Westies are still small enough to handle and make good apartment dogs – as long as they get in their long, daily walks. Westies really, really like to play. Westies are no softies though: beneath their coat is a well-muscled body. Bred to be rodent killers, Westies require little pampering and they rarely shed. For seniors looking for a little bit of excitement in their days, westies will be sure to keep you on your toes. Breed Overview Height: 25.5 to 28 cms Weight: 6.8 to 9 kgs Life expectancy: 13 to 15 years Best dog that doesn't bark: Shih Tzu The name Shih Tzu means little lion, but the most fierce thing about this breed is their love for the owner. Shih Tzus bond very quickly with humans, making them great choices for seniors looking for a close canine companion. Weighing an of average 4 to 7 kgs, Shih Tzus, known for their long coats, pack a lot of personality in their small frame. They are a confident, happy-go-lucky breed with a bit of a stubborn streak. But they are less demanding and less yappy than other smaller toy dogs, making them a good choice for seniors who live in apartments. They are also not very energetic and only need a couple of short walks a day, making them perfect for non-active seniors. Breed Overview Height: 23 to 26.5 cms Weight: 4 to 7 kgs Life expectancy: 10 to 18 years Easiest dog to care for: French bulldog With their big eyes, adorable scrunchy faces, and short legs, there’s a reason why French bulldogs are increasing popular today and one of the easiest dog breeds. Their gentle personality and low energy make them one of the best dogs for seniors with a less active lifestyle. These dogs are not big athletes, a walk around the block is all the exercise they need for the day. French bulldogs’ small size (they weigh about 8.5 to 12.5 kgs) and the fact that they are not big barkers or yappers also make them one of the best apartment dogs. As an additional bonus, they are also excellent cuddlers and incredibly loyal. Breed Overview Height: 28 to 33 cms Weight: Under 12 kgs Life expectancy: 10 to 12 years Best guard dog: Pomeranian At 1.4 to 3 kgs, Pomeranians look like tiny puffballs. Their small size and affectionate personality make them easy to love. And their ability to remain calm in busy situations also makes them one of the best emotional support dogs, Dr Kinscher-Juran says. Pomeranians – whose hair comes in a variety of colours from white to black to cream – don’t seem to realise their small size. They are very alert, with a tendency to bark, making them excellent guard dogs for seniors. Though Pomeranians are lap dogs, they also have an independent streak, so active seniors don’t need to worry about Pomeranians clinging, like a barnacle, to them all day. Sometimes it’s good to have space! Breed Overview Height: 15 to 17.5 cms Weight: 1.4 to 3 kgs Life expectancy: 12 to 16 years Best dog for seniors with a backyard: Beagle For seniors who love being outdoors and would like an impetus to exercise more, beagles are a good choice. Energetic, active and sociable, beagles love to play and take long walks. And unlike other smaller dogs, they don’t require a ton of babysitting. They’re fine – content even – being left alone for a while. For seniors who don’t love playing beautician, beagles, with their short, dense, wash-and-wear coat, are a good choice. They are pretty low maintenance when it comes to grooming. Younger beagles require consistent exercise – so seniors might find adopting an older beagle a less physically demanding choice, Dr Kinscher-Juran says. Breed Overview Height: 33 to 38 cms Weight: 9 to 13.6 kgs Life expectancy: 10 to 15 years Image credits: Shutterstock This article originally appeared on <a href="https://www.readersdigest.co.nz/food-home-garden/pets/15-best-dogs-for-seniors?pages=1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Reader's Digest</a>.

Family & Pets

The 15 dog breeds perfect for first-time owners

First-time pup parent Becoming a first-time dog owner is a truly rewarding experience. You’re gaining a new loyal best friend and have a wonderful adventure before you. That said, we’d be remiss if we didn’t acknowledge that the process also comes with some little curveballs as you learn the ropes of pup parenthood. In addition to the dog’s size – be it a toy breed, medium breed, or giant breed – it’s also important to consider the dog’s personality. For example, do you want a <a href="https://www.readersdigest.com.au/food-home-garden/pets/the-best-low-maintenance-dogs-for-busy-people" target="_blank" rel="noopener">low-maintenance dog</a> or a <a href="https://www.readersdigest.com.au/food-home-garden/pets/11-dog-breeds-that-can-be-left-alone" target="_blank" rel="noopener">dog breed that does well when left alone</a>? Or are you perhaps seeking the <a href="https://www.readersdigest.com.au/food-home-garden/pets/the-best-dog-breeds-for-kids" target="_blank" rel="noopener">best dog breeds for kids</a>? “When you are thinking about getting a dog for the first time, the first thing to ask yourself is what you envision your life with a dog looking like,” says Marissa Sunny, a canine behaviour specialist. “If you want a dog to get you out of the house and go running with, then a high-energy working breed may be for you! If you are looking for a Netflix buddy, then an adult or senior dog may be for you.” And while purebreds are wonderful, there are many mixed breeds available for adoption in your local shelters that make wonderful pets, even for first-time dog owners. To help you determine the best first dog for new owners – and avoid some of the worst dogs for first-time owners – we’re showcasing some of the most popular dog breeds that are easy to train, groom and bond with. Bichon Frise Known for its loving and playful personality, the Bichon Frise is an intelligent and charming lapdog who befriends just about everyone they meet. They are one of the best dogs for beginners since they’re typically easy to train and are great with kids. Another perk is that their fluffy white coat is hypoallergenic, making them ideal for those concerned about dog allergies. They do need to be bathed about once a month and benefit from a good brushing several times a week. A visit to the groomer every four to six weeks can also help keep them looking tip-top. Ease of care: 4/5 Golden retrievers Arguably one of the easiest dog breeds for first-time owners, the golden retriever is one of the most beloved canines for good reason. This lovable pup is exceptionally friendly and devoted to its owners. They are also known for being obedient and easy to train, so teaching them to fetch, sit and stay is likely to be a breeze, which is one of the reasons many service dogs are golden retrievers. Perhaps most important, though, is their gregarious and outgoing personalities, which make them fantastic as first-time family dogs, as well. They benefit from a good brushing once a week and perhaps more during their twice-annual shedding spree. Ease of care: 5/5 Papillon The papillon – which means butterfly in French – is another wee-sized pup weighing in at only 4.5kg tops. They are an affectionate dog breed and they also get along well with children. Though very small, this toy breed is surprisingly athletic and spritely and benefits greatly from playtime. One potential drawback is that they’re not too keen on hanging out with other animals. However, they are surprisingly easy to groom thanks to their lack of an undercoat. A good bath every few months and a once-monthly grooming session are all they need. Ease of care: 4/5 Labrador retriever The Labrador retriever is another popular dog breed. They are most noted for their outgoing personality and friendly demeanour, and they are also one of the best-behaved dog breeds. These playful, easy-going pups – which come in chocolate, black, and yellow – are very sociable. This allows not only for easy bonding with the entire family but with other animals, too. Because they love to make their owners happy, labs are also one of the easiest dog breeds to train. Occasional baths and brushing are all this dog needs to keep it looking its best. Ease of care: 5/5 Cavalier King Charles spaniel A sweet combination of a small toy breed and spaniel, the Cavalier King Charles spaniel is a gentle, graceful, athletic and high-spirited little pup. They make our list of the best first dogs for new owners because of their adaptability and smarts, which make them both easy to get along with and train. These unfailingly sweet pups are also keen on pleasing their humans, making them excellent for a broad ranch of owners, including couples, families, seniors, and individuals. They are also known for being effective therapy dogs, too. They do require a little more grooming than other pups on our list and need daily brushing, weekly ear-checks, and monthly nail trims. Ease of care: 4/5 German shepherd The noble German shepherd is an excellent dog for first-time owners for many reasons. For starters, they are exceptionally smart pups that are easy to train, which is one reason why they are utilised in K-9 units. Second, they are gentle with their owners and unfailingly loyal – to the end that they make great watchdogs. Finally, German shepherds are easy to groom. The AKC says they benefit from brushing a few times a week to remove loose hairs and that they only need occasional baths. Ease of care: 5/5 Standard poodle Recognised for their fluffy, pillow-like hypoallergenic coats, the poodle is a notably smart and athletic family companion. Because of these positive qualities, poodles have been bred with many other breeds to get designer breeds including the labradoodle, groodle, spoodle, and cavoodle. Do note that as puppies, poodles can be high-energy, so they’ll need to be able to run off that steam. They also should be brushed daily and professionally groomed about once every month or two to combat matting and keep their coats lustrous. Ease of care: 4/5 Basenji You might not be too familiar with the Basenji, but this smart and adaptable quiet dog breed makes our list because of how easy-going and low-key it is. Some even describe this dog as “cat-like” in its independence and quiet demeanour. While it’s not overtly lovey-dovey like some breeds, the Basenji is perfect for first-time owners who tend to be gone often and prefer a pup that’s not always at their ankles. The AKC says their short coat is also simple to care for. Just give them a once-over every week or two – and no bathing required unless they get into something. Ease of care: 4/5 Yorkshire terrier A truly petite-sized pup, the adorable Yorkie is a tiny terrier that weighs in at only seven pounds. Though tiny, they do have major personalities! This breed has a reputation for being brave, tenacious and sprightly. They are also exceptionally friendly. The breed’s long, low-allergen coat mimics human hair more than dog fur, making them one of the more popular dogs for those who deal with pet allergies. The trade-off is that their long hair does require daily brushing, weekly bathing and regular professional groomings. Ease of care: 3/5 Pugs Survey any pug owner and they’ll likely be quick to tell you that this breed is one of the best family companions out there. The adaptable pug gets along with basically everyone – including kids, seniors and other animals – and thrives in both the city and country. Pugs also enjoy making their owners happy, which helps make training them a breeze. Another bonus: their coat is considered low maintenance and only needs weekly brushing to control light shedding. Ease of care: 5/5 Whippet Don’t confuse the whippet for a greyhound! Though they do look similar, the whippet is its own breed (and actually quite a bit smaller). This lean and elegant pup is a lightning-quick runner that enjoys having a good chase in the backyard. As long as it’s getting plenty of exercise, this breed can fare well in an apartment or a house with a yard. Another perk is that these guys barely bark. Also, their short coat is very easy to care for and only requires weekly brushing and occasional baths. While smart, the whippet has a bit more of a mischievous personality that can be a little tricky to reign in when training. Ease of care: 4/5 Great Dane Don’t be intimidated by the Great Dane’s mighty stature; this pup is a true gentle giant. This sweet-natured, patient, ultra-friendly pup bonds with its family owners quickly and remains loyal through and through – they’re even great with children. However gentle, the Great Dane also makes for a courageous and vigilant watchdog as well. Regarding training, this breed does benefit from professional obedience training in order to harness its full potential. They also should be brushed weekly, bathed occasionally, and have their nails trimmed monthly. Ease of care: 3/5 Irish setter If you’re in the market for a lovable, friendly pup that’s perhaps not quite as well-known as other breeds, the Irish setter might just be your match. These sweet dogs get along with, and bond quickly, with everyone they meet – including kids, adults, seniors, and other animals. They do tend to be a bit on the rambunctious side, so a playful and active setting is ideal. They are also eager to please and respond well to patient training, notes the AKC. Moderate grooming is required, including twice-weekly brushing, monthly nail trims, and occasional baths. Ease of care: 4/5 Bernese mountain dog The powerful and sweet-natured Bernese mountain dog is a family companion that will bring joy to any home. They’re on our list of the best dogs for beginners because they are easy to train, exceptionally patient with everyone (including kiddos), and get along easily with many personalities and even other animals. Their big size can be intimidating, but they’re big softies who love to stick close to their humans. In fact, they can be a little shy! Frequent shedding is more of an issue with this breed, and they require a good brushing two to three times a week. Ease of care: 4/5 Mixed breeds We’ve included many purebreds on this list, but we don’t want to leave out mixed breeds and “mutts.” Though adoptable animals from the shelter can come with some specific needs, many will be forever grateful to have you as their owner. When seeking a pup to adopt, we recommend looking to their personalities – versus specific breed – to determine if they’re a fit for your lifestyle. “Your local shelter or rescue can help you find the perfect match for your family,” says Sunny. Ease of care: varies Image credits: Getty Images This article originally appeared on <a href="https://www.readersdigest.co.nz/food-home-garden/pets/15-best-dogs-for-first-time-owners?pages=1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Reader's Digest</a>.

Family & Pets

The 12 smartest cat breeds that are equally cute and clever

<h2> </h2> <h2>How smart is your cat?</h2> Cats are delightfully complex creatures. If we dare to sleep in a few minutes late, they paw at our faces and meow, demanding breakfast. They can be warm and affectionate yet aloof when we’ve been away from the house too long. Even some of the smartest cat breeds display unusual cat behaviour. But there’s no need for standardised tests to verify what we already know – cats are smart! Whether they’re mixed breed or purebred, small cat breeds or large cat breeds, the reality is that there’s no one accurate way to measure the intelligence of individual cats. However, recent research gives us some compelling evidence to back up what we know in our hearts: feline intelligence is unique. Are you clawing to find out which cat breeds are the smartest? Do they happen to be sleek black cat breeds, gorgeous orange cat breeds or all of the above? Experts say the ones on our list stand out when it comes to their trainability, insatiable curiosity, investigative skills and puzzle-solving brain power. <h2>Do cats have a high IQ?</h2> Before we reveal the smartest cat breeds, let’s take a closer look at just how clever these little lions are. We know that a cat’s brain is almost as structurally complex as a human brain. Cats have around 250 million neurons (tiny information processors) in their cerebral cortex, the part of the brain that solves problems, makes decisions, decodes emotions and creates complex behaviour, like why cats purr or why cats sleep so much. (In comparison, dogs have about 429 million neurons, and humans house an average of 86 billion.) And while more neurons in the brain does equal more cognitive ability, it isn’t necessarily a good indicator of intelligence. That’s because cognition can involve other areas outside the cerebral cortex. So why are dogs generally thought to be smarter than cats? Is it because they have more neurons? Nerdy science aside, there are a host of theories. For starters, dogs have been domesticated for thousands of years and have been living and learning social tasks from humans longer than cats. Temperament wise, dogs are more patient and generally eager to please their humans. In contrast, cats are typically less eager to please, though some are exceptionally cooperative. They tend to be more impulsive, have far less patience and get frustrated and lose interest in something that’s boring to them. However, cats are highly attuned to their surroundings, and how they interact and respond is expressing intelligence, says Teresa Keiger, an all-breed judge with the Cat Fanciers’ Association. That awareness is what helped cats survive for thousands of years in the wild. “I notice that cats who were rescued from outdoor living situations tend to be more intelligent, since they’ve had to learn to think on their feet,” says veterinarian, Dr Stephanie Wolf. Whether a mixed breed or pedigree, rare cat breed or fluffy cat breed, one thing is certain: cats are smart and trainable; they just might not all be interested. <h2>1. Russian blue</h2> When it comes to the smartest cat breeds, the Russian blue is so clever that it’s more apt to train you than the other way around. Like an alarm, the Russian blue will wake you up to feed it breakfast and remind you when it’s dinnertime. In fact, if you’re looking for an accountability partner to maintain a strict schedule, this might be the cat for you. “This quiet breed is very attuned to its household,” says Keiger. “They’re incredibly smart, and they wait to make certain that any stranger is not a threat to safety.” Once they’ve issued your security clearance, they form a tight bond and are regarded as an affectionate cat breed with their humans – so much so that they’re known for hitching a ride on their human’s shoulders. <table style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2">Breed overview</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Russian blue</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Height</td> <td>25 centimetres</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Weight</td> <td>3–7 kilograms</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Life expectancy</td> <td>15–20 years</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2>Abyssinian</h2> This gorgeous cat looks like it stepped out of the jungle and into your living room. From the forward-tilting ears to the large almond-shaped eyes and the stunning colours of its coat, it resembles a cougar. “Abyssinians are incredibly intelligent, good problem solvers and full of an insatiable curiosity,” says Keiger. Perpetually alert and busy, the Aby is happiest when patrolling its environment and playing with challenging interactive puzzle toys. “I always think of Abys as the MacGyver of cats – if they had thumbs, they’d figure out how to fix anything,” Keiger says. Intelligence aside, Abys are highly social cats and love people and other felines. Plus, they are one of the cat breeds that gets along with dogds. Who knows? Maybe the Aby could teach your old dog a few new tricks. <table style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2">Breed overview</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Abyssinian</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Height</td> <td>30–40 centimetres</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Weight</td> <td>3–5 kilograms</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Life expectancy</td> <td>9–15 years</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2>3. Egyptian mau</h2> The key to this exotic beauty’s happiness is sharpening its mental and physical skills. “Being able to offer enrichment is key to ensuring your cat is getting the best level of stimulation and exercise,” says veterinarian, Dr Julie Andino. That goes for all breeds, but this cat craves cat toys and activities that showcase its lightning-fast physical and mental responses. They’re so clever that they can even turn on the faucet to play in water – although we may never understand why some cats hate water when the mau wouldn’t miss an opportunity to splash their paws in it. After they’ve expended their energy figuring out the day’s puzzles, this cutie loves to snuggle up with their human. <table style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2">Breed overview</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Egyptian mau</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Height</td> <td>17–28 centimetres</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Weight</td> <td>4–6 kilograms</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Life expectancy</td> <td>9–13 years</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2>4. Burmese</h2> One of the smartest cat breeds, the Burmese craves attention, something you can learn from its body language. “This intelligent breed loves to entertain its resident humans so much that it often checks to make certain someone is watching,” says Keiger. They’re also known for being dog-like and enjoy a rousing game of fetch, an unusually quirky cat behaviour. And they’re adorably stubborn. “When they make up their minds that they want something, they simply don’t take no for an answer and usually figure out a way to get it.” And that includes attention from you. Burmese cats are all about give-and-take when it comes to affection, but if you’re busy and ignore them too long, they might take it upon themselves to follow you around the house, rub against your leg or plop down on your lap and snuggle, all to remind you that you have a cat that needs some loving. <table style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2">Breed overview</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Burmese</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Height</td> <td>25–30 centimetres</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Weight</td> <td>4–6 kilograms</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Life expectancy</td> <td>9–13 years</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2>5. American bobtail</h2> It’s one thing for the smartest cat breeds to learn new tricks, but when a cat also has emotional intelligence, that’s an impressive combo. These cute stubby-tailed felines are noted for their empathy and for providing a calming and assuring presence that’s equal to emotional support dogs. “They are also very in tune with their household and owners, offering a shoulder to cry on when needed,” says Keiger. They even act like dogs – playing fetch, walking on a leash and rushing to greet guests when there’s a knock on the door. Devoted companion, a lover of people and other animals, the American bobtail is an adorable and lovable companion. <table style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2">Breed overview</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">American bobtail</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Height</td> <td>22–25 centimetres</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Weight</td> <td>3–7 kilograms</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Life expectancy</td> <td>13–15 years</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2>6. Japanese bobtail</h2> The smartest cat breeds are often breeds we have never heard of before. Take the Japanese bobtail, one of the rarest cat breeds in the world. Every Japanese bobtail has its own unique tail. Yes, you read that right. No two tails are ever alike. They consider themselves family members and are always ready to help, even if that means sitting on your sitting on your laptop. “They are active, intelligent, talkative cats who delight in mischief-making,” says Keiger. They love to travel, stay in hotels and quite literally jump through hoops and over hurdles to impress you – and entertain themselves. As brain power goes, it’s that human-like personality that makes them seem so bright. “Life is never dull with a Japanese bobtail,” Keiger says. <table style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2">Breed overview</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Japanese bobtail</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Height</td> <td>20–23 centimetres</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Weight</td> <td>3–5 kilograms</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Life expectancy</td> <td>15–18 years</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2>7. Siamese</h2> The Siamese is wicked smart and loves to learn new tricks, Dr Andino says. If you don’t provide interesting and challenging outlets to exercise its noggin, it will find its own stimulating activities, whether you approve or not. If there’s one thing that competes with utilising its brain power, it’s the love and affection it craves from humans. If this cat had a daily schedule, “get affection from human” would be a top priority. And Siamese cats will let you know by that infamous yowling. “The Siamese are very vocal and communicative with their human,” says Dr Andino. They’re likely to talk your ear off, especially if they want something. One of the smartest cat breeds, the Siamese gets along well with people of all ages, as well as other animals. Bonus: if you take any stock in choosing cats most compatible with your zodiac sign, the Siamese happens to be very compatible with Libras. <table style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2">Breed overview</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Siamese</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Height</td> <td>20–25 centimetres</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Weight</td> <td>3–7 kilograms</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Life expectancy</td> <td>15–20 years </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2>8. Bengal</h2> The Bengal sports a jaw-dropping, highly contrasted coat of distinctive marbling – very similar to what you see on leopards and jaguars. Its striking beauty is why you should keep close tabs on your Bengal, as it’s the cat breed most often stolen. Beauty aside, this very confident and curious cat isn’t shy about asking you to play. Bengals tend to get a little set in their ways, so introducing new people and furry friends should be done at an early age, if possible. Need to lay down a few new house rules or teach it some tricks? No problem. Bengals pick those up lickety-split. Their athletic prowess is unmatched, but they need plenty of space to run, pounce, roam and jump – some even love to walk on a leash and explore the outdoors. Bengals are super sweet and often very chatty (here’s what their meows may mean) and happy to engage you in a conversation. <table style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2">Breed overview</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Bengal</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Height</td> <td>20–25 centimetres</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Weight</td> <td>4–7 kilograms</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Life expectancy</td> <td>12–16 years</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2>9. Korat</h2> Did you know that the smartest cat breeds could also bring you good fortune? The Korat is one of Thailand’s good luck cats, and no, they don’t mind if you pet them several times a day to increase your luck! Korats are freakishly observant and will watch everything you do. Don’t be surprised if they learn how to open their own box of treats. They’re a devoted companion, an outgoing feline and enjoy having guests in the house. One reason is they love to snoop. Like the nosy houseguest who peeks in your medicine cabinet, the Korat returns the favour, sniffing and investigating your guest’s shoes, purses, coats and anything else that piques their interest. Because Korats thrive when they are around people, being alone may cause cat anxiety. <table style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2">Breed overview</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Korat</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Height</td> <td>23–30 centimetres</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Weight</td> <td>3–5 kilograms</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Life expectancy</td> <td>10–15 years </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2>10. Bombay</h2> Bred to look like the Indian black leopard, this midnight-black kitty walks with a sway much like its wild counterpart and is equally gorgeous and clever. Bombay cats are exceptionally friendly, outgoing and lovey-dovey. Family life is their jam, including younger humans and furry siblings. “The Bombay kitty is great at being trained, and they’re very motivated to show their people what they are capable of learning,” says Dr Andino. These cats thrive with continuous education, learning new tricks and solving challenging interactive puzzles. And when the love bug hits them, watch out. They will hunt for your lap and crash there until they get enough pets and belly rubs. <table style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2">Breed overview</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Bombay</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Height</td> <td>23–30 centimetres</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Weight</td> <td>3–5 kilograms</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Life expectancy</td> <td>12–16 years</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2>11. Havana brown</h2> The brownie, as its fans dub it, is deeply connected to humans and savours affectionate companionship. (Havana browns insist on being involved in whatever you’re doing, yet they are remarkably sensitive and use both their paws to gently touch their humans. They share DNA with the Siamese, but their meows are quieter, charming and almost flirty. They might prefer the company of one favourite human over others in the family but tend to get along with humans of all ages, as well as furry roommates. Perhaps the most interesting characteristic is how they investigate. While most felines examine things with their nose, Havana browns use both their paws to check out trinkets and treasures. <table style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2">Breed overview</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Havana brown</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Height</td> <td>23–28 centimetres</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Weight</td> <td>4–6 kilograms</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Life expectancy</td> <td>8–13 years</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2>12. Singapura</h2> The Singapura is the smallest domestic cat breed, with a whole lot of feisty goodness in a tiny package. If those big saucer eyes and adorable face aren’t captivating enough to get your attention, you might need some catnip. And don’t let the small frame fool you. Under that fur lies a muscular and athletic body. The Singapura is a social butterfly, always looking to be the centre of attention, in the cutest, playful ways. They are the life of any party, whether they’re invited or not. Conversations with Singapuras are a pure delight as well and never get stale – you could listen to their sweet meows for hours, and they’ll love your high-pitched baby talk just as much. Keenly observant, intelligent and extroverted, these cats still act like kittens well into adulthood. <table style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2">Breed overview</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Singapura</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Height</td> <td>15–20 centimetres</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Weight</td> <td>2–4 kilograms</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Life expectancy</td> <td>11–15 years</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Image credit: Shutterstock This article originally appeared on <a href="https://www.readersdigest.co.nz/food-home-garden/pets/the-12-smartest-cat-breeds-that-are-equally-cute-and-clever" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Reader's</a><a href="https://www.readersdigest.co.nz/food-home-garden/pets/the-12-smartest-cat-breeds-that-are-equally-cute-and-clever" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Digest</a>.

Family & Pets

Internet in stitches at one woman’s dog breed blunder

A woman in the US received quite the surprise when she set out to pick up her new furry friend, expecting to find a fluff ball in the form of a Shih-Tzu-cross-Bichon ‘Shichon’ puppy waiting for her. However, Melissa Windsor’s dreams took a turn when she met the mutt destined to capture her heart, and learned that things don’t always look exactly like they did online. Taking to Facebook to share her story, Melissa posted two pictures - one of the caramel teddy bear puppy she’d been seeking, and another of what she’d received, a scruffy little fellow with an alarming case of bedhead. “Little Roosevelt is four-months-old and looks more like a llama than a teddy bear,” she captioned her post, and the image of the sweet-faced Roosevelt in his pyjamas, “but I love him just the same.” According to Daily Paws, ‘shichons’ are generally small and fluffy, although the cross bread has the potential to produce puppies that have “totally different” appearances across just one litter. The post drew in over 1,000 views, and more than 200 other comments from fellow What I Asked For vs What I Got users. And while some took the opportunity to suggest that Melissa had brought the case of ‘dogfishing’ upon herself, most were every bit as amused as the proud new owner, and took to the comments to share their delight at the tale. One spoke for the masses when they declared that “he’s such a cute mess!” “He's awesomely cute,” another agreed, before elaborating that it was “in a manic Einstein kinda way”. “His hair looks like Kramer from Seinfeld,” one remarked. “Looks like he’s been electrocuted,” someone noted. “Poor buddy looks like me when the coffee hasn't kicked in,” another shared, “fighting with four kids.” One user went on to tell Melissa that their dog looked just like her beloved Roosevelt, asking if it was “possible that he's a mini Aussie doodle?” Some groomers, however, suggested that he just didn’t look like Melissa expected as he hadn’t had his fur tended to just yet. Melissa then shared that she was going to get a DNA test for the precious pup, as “at this point anything is possible”, and that she would like to know if her little friend would actually have the traits and qualities expected of his supposed breed. Images: Facebook

Family & Pets

Vet reveals 5 dog breeds he would never own

Choosing a dog breed is a difficult decision and it is important to research the breed you intend to get. Not every dog is going to be the right fit, and one UK vet has named the 5 breeds he’d never own and why. The vet, known as Ben the Vet on TikTok, posted the video alongside the caption, "I love dogs, I promise, I'm just fussy!" "All I can say is that I think working in veterinary just makes you really fussy when it comes to dog breeds.” The first on his list was the Dobermann. "Now, I've met many lovely, lovely Dobermanns but it is shocking how many of them get a kind of heart disease called dilated cardiomyopathy," he said. The next breed on Ben’s list was the Border collie. "Now, they are quite healthy, they are a bit prone to epilepsy, but I just find they're a dog breed that doesn't adapt very well to the sedentary life of being a pet,” he said. The vet noted that Border collies require constant stimulation as they want to work and be active. The third breed was a boxer. Although he admitted he has met lots of “sweet ones,” there is a long list of problems. He showed a book containing data on the health conditions dog breeds have and explained, ”The boxer has 74 diseases in their section, yes, 74.” "I've seen too many boxers with all of these problems to count," he said. Number four on the list was the Great Dane. "I think I'm just not a 'big dog' person at heart," he said. Ben listed a few reasons including the size of his car and house, as well as the hefty vet bills due to all medical drugs being dosed according to weight, so a lot of procedures would cost more for Great Dane owners. He also noted that Great Danes often don’t live to the age of 7, saying it would be "quite hard to love a dog and then lose them in that short space of time." The last breed to make the cut were flat-coated retrievers. "This is a really hard one," he said, "they're a wonderful family dog, but I just know too much.” The vet said those dogs were prone to a type of aggressive cancer called histiocytic sarcoma. "They are the poster child of this disease. Around 50 per cent of all flat coats die of cancer," he said. TikTok users were quick to flood the comments, with many agreeing with Ben’s list. "100% agree on the border collie. I have a border collie/Kelpie mix, he was bred to herd cattle. He is not a typical pet. He needs a job to be happy," one wrote. Another Border Collie weighed in, writing, "They're not for the faint hearted. We didn't do our research and thus our lives had to change dramatically!” "100% on the boxers, we've lost too many too young," another dog owner commented. Image credit: TikTok

Family & Pets

15 dumbest dog breeds that are lovably dopey

1. Afghan hound <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">The Afghan hound has the lowest IQ of all dog breeds, per Coren’s research. But since these hounds are known as independent and strong willed, perhaps they just can’t be bothered to learn commands; what’s in it for them, after all? Afghans would rather spend their time loving on family members, entertaining kids with glamorous hair-flip pyrotechnics and playing well with other pups. <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">Energetic, playful and open to strangers, your Afghan hound may never master much beyond the easiest dog tricks, but there are plenty of positives, including their luxurious coats. Afghans hardly shed, which might be surprising considering their silky hair requires near-daily grooming. <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">2. Basenji <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">Ranked by Coren as only slightly less dumb than the Afghan hound, the basenji may not actually be “dumb” so much as not particularly interested in the sort of interactions that obedience training tends to require. One of the <a style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: #d90000; text-decoration-line: none;" href="https://www.readersdigest.com.au/pets/13-quietest-dog-breeds-wont-bark-too-much" target="_blank" rel="noopener">quieter dog breeds</a>, the basenji doesn’t bark to get attention. In fact, the basenji doesn’t seem to need that much attention at all, which can be a good thing for some humans. <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">It may be that independent streak, combined with its fastidious grooming habits, that have led some to describe the basenji as “catlike.” But everyone knows cats aren’t dumb; they simply cannot be bothered to learn tricks for the sole purpose of entertaining humans. Perhaps the basenji ought to be accorded similar latitude? <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">3. English bulldog <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">Lots of people are bullish on bulldog breeds. And that includes the English bulldog, which Coren’s research regards as the third dumbest among dog breeds. Known for its sweet and docile temperament, the English bulldog is among Novack’s favourites. It also happens to be one of the dog breeds least likely to bite. <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">English bulldogs score low by Coren’s canine intelligence standards, but it may simply be a matter of laziness, a quality for which they are renowned. And while a lazy dog may be less inclined to do the work required to learn new commands, does that really make for a dumb dog? English bulldog lovers might disagree. <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">4. Chow chow <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">While it is a dog that looks like a lion, the chow chow is far from the king of the jungle – or even the dog park. To wit, Coren ranked the chow chow as one of the dumbest dog breeds, adding that, “There is probably furniture out there that is more trainable than chows.” <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">But according to Coren, one factor to consider when assessing canine intelligence is a dog’s ability to do what it was bred to do. And as it turns out, chow chows are quite adept at that. Unfortunately, however, one of the things chows were originally bred for was to be eaten as food—at least in some countries. <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">5. Borzoi <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">One of the <a style="font-family: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: #d90000; text-decoration-line: none;" href="https://www.readersdigest.com.au/food-home-garden/pets/13-of-the-fastest-dog-breeds-in-the-world" target="_blank" rel="noopener">fastest dogs in the world</a>, the borzoi is also known as one of the dumbest dog breeds, per Coren’s rubric. Although the swift borzoi needs a lot of mental stimulation, this shaggy, lanky breed is also notoriously challenging to train. As the American Kennel Club (AKC) puts it, “in their quiet, catlike way, [borzois] can be stubborn, and training is best accomplished with patience, consistency and good humour.” <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">So while they may not hand over a paw when asked, these dignified pups are also very accomplished at what they were bred for: hunting. <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">6. Bloodhound <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">Docile and affectionate with its people, the bloodhound (also called the sleuth hound) does one thing better than any creature on earth: locate missing persons. And yet, the bloodhound comes in at just slightly less dumb than the borzoi, at least using Coren’s standards of canine intelligence. Not coincidentally, both the borzoi and the bloodhound are master hunters, and therein may lie the rub. <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">Whereas the borzoi leverages its keen sight, the bloodhound makes use of its prodigious sense of smell. In both cases, unless the individual dog is engaged in an actual hunt, these talents and inclinations can make the dog appear distractible. And distractibility does not bode well when it comes to learning commands. But whether it means the bloodhound is actually dumb is something we’ll question. Plus, there’s just something about dogs with big ears that makes us fall in love. 7. Pekingese <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">Pekingese dogs tend to lavish affection on their families. Peeks are also well behaved and friendly toward children and strangers, as well as other dogs. But will a Pekingese reliably play fetch with you? Not likely, based on Coren’s methodology, which places this Chinese dog breed among the dumbest dog breeds on the planet. <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">But Coren’s research also makes room for nuance. Pekingese dogs, which were bred to be lapdogs, are very accomplished at that. And if that makes them dopey, then, do we really want this dog to be smart? It’s also a quality that makes it one of the <a style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: #d90000; text-decoration-line: none;" href="https://www.readersdigest.com.au/food-home-garden/pets/15-best-dogs-for-seniors" target="_blank" rel="noopener">best dogs for seniors</a>. <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">8. Beagle <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">Fans of dogs with floppy ears often flock to the sweet-faced beagle. Indeed, those soulful eyes and clownish demeanour help make the beagle a much-loved breed. Conversely, they’re also one of the dog breeds most likely to be found in a shelter. One reason is that the beagle, like its bloodhound cousin, is easily distracted by scents. If allowed off-leash, the risk of separation from its people is high. <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">Beagles are well known for their stubborn streak, which makes training challenging. And the hard truth is that an untrained dog makes a difficult housemate. The beagle’s tendency to stand on ceremony rather than sitting and staying, as well as its tendency to follow its nose, places it among the so-called dumbest dog breeds. But we don’t fault them for their love of exploring. This happy-go-lucky dog just wants to experience the world. 9. Mastiff <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">The mastiff is one of the <a style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: #d90000; text-decoration-line: none;" href="https://www.readersdigest.com.au/food-home-garden/pets/the-best-guard-dog-breeds-for-protection" target="_blank" rel="noopener">finest guard dogs</a>, but it doesn’t get there by stealth. The docile but dignified mastiff is one of the world’s <a style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: #d90000; text-decoration-line: none;" href="https://www.readersdigest.com.au/pets/worlds-largest-dog-breeds" target="_blank" rel="noopener">largest domesticated dog breeds</a>, and for giant dog breeds, training is a must. Ironically, mastiffs aren’t all that great at learning commands. They do so rather slowly, and even when they do, they’re not particularly consistent when it comes to performing them. That’s why mastiffs are ranked among the dumbest dog breeds, per Coren’s research. <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">It also raises the question: How is one to live harmoniously with this adorably gigantic, drooly supposed dope? Mastiffs take best to gentle training, and the earlier you can start on that, the better. <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">10. Basset hound <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">“Why the long face?” one might be inclined to inquire of a basset hound. But that meltingly droopy face, flanked by velvety floor-sweeping ears, is in no way a reflection of the basset’s chill temperament. Great with children and other dogs, and one of the dogs that get along with cats, the basset hound is believed by some experts to be second only to its hound cousin, the bloodhound, in its scent-tracking skills. But does that earn it IQ points? <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">Not so much, at least according to Coren’s canine intelligence rubric, which ranks the basset as one of the top 10 dumbest dog breeds. Like other scent hounds, it’s easily distracted by smell, and like the beagle, in particular, the basset is stubborn. Both qualities combine to make it less than receptive to training. But is it really fair to call this dog breed dumb when it’s so good at what it was bred to do? We’ll always love this sniffing pooch. <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">11. Shih tzu <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">One of the most popular toy dog breeds, the shih tzu, Mandarin for “little lion,” was bred hundreds of years ago as an indoor lap dog. And that’s precisely what it excels at. What the shih tzu does not excel at is learning commands with speed and consistency. Specifically, Coren’s research found that on average, the dog breed obeys a first command less than 25% of the time. This puts it squarely into the category of dumbest dog breeds. But remember, the shih tzu is known to be most affectionate with family, nice with children and playful with other dogs – and some might argue there’s nothing dumb about that. <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">12. Bullmastiff <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">Another of the giant dog breeds, the bullmastiff was bred as a bulldog and mastiff hybrid. Like the mastiff, it was bred as a guard dog that’s nevertheless docile with its humans. And at this, the bullmastiff excels, thanks to its sheer size and its relative wariness of strangers. What the bullmastiff hasn’t necessarily mastered as a breed is the art of quickly learning commands and performing them consistently. For that reason, it’s considered by Coren’s criteria to be one of the dumbest dog breeds. However, Bullmastiff lovers will claim that this breed is highly intelligent, but simply strong-willed. You have been warned. <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">13. Lhasa aspo <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">Despite its small size and glamorous cascade of long, flowing hair, the lhasa apso, whose name means “Tibetan long-haired dog,” was bred as a guard dog – and has been doing a top-notch job as such since ancient times. In fact, many canine intelligence experts regard it as an intelligent breed. So why then does Coren’s research categorise the lhasa apso as a dumb dog? It isn’t a fast learner or a consistent performer when it comes to mastering commands. <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">If only this tiny lion-like sentinel were just a little less stubborn and independent-minded (not for nothing, lhasas are among the <a style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: #d90000; text-decoration-line: none;" href="https://www.readersdigest.com.au/food-home-garden/pets/11-dog-breeds-that-can-be-left-alone" target="_blank" rel="noopener">dog breeds that are comfortable being left alone</a>), perhaps it would have scored higher. Alas, it is what it is, and accordingly, the lhasa apso must endure its reputation. We, however, will trust their thousand-year-old reputation as smart, aristocratic family comedians. <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">14. Chihuahua <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">If you’re a budget-conscious pet owner, the Chihuahua is one of the cheapest dog breeds simply because its small size means it’s not expensive to feed and its short hair doesn’t require much in the way of grooming. In fact, the Chihuahua is yet another adorable dog breed that doesn’t shed that much, which means you may also save on dry cleaning and lint roller tape. <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">Nevertheless, experts recommend obedience training for this yippy, barky, high-energy “purse dog,” lest it rule your household like a little Napoleon. And that may cost you, because training a Chihuahua requires time and patience. Per Coren’s research, it takes up to 80 repetitions to teach a Chihuahua a command, and even when it does, it obeys the first time it’s asked to do something less than 30% of the time. <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">15. St Bernard <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">One of the most popular mountain dog breeds, the St Bernard isn’t known for its intelligence so much as its enormous size and gentle temperament. But as with many of the so-called dopey dog breeds, these pups aren’t exactly stupid either. In fact, the St Bernard was bred methodically by monks during the Middle Ages specifically for alpine search and rescue. Are St Bernards good at what they were bred for? Absolutely, they are. But they’re also notoriously difficult to train – for anything but search and rescue, that is. <p style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 26px; color: #444444; background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial !important;">On the other hand, St Bernards are among the <a style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: #d90000; text-decoration-line: none;" href="https://www.readersdigest.com.au/food-home-garden/pets/17-calm-dog-breeds-with-easygoing-personalities" target="_blank" rel="noopener">calmest dogs, known for their easygoing personalities</a>. The dog is sweet, affectionate, observant, watchful and great with people of all ages, as well as with other dogs. And anyone who has ever been rescued by a St Bernard isn’t likely focusing on its propensity to sit and stay. Image credit: Getty <a href="https://www.readersdigest.com.au/food-home-garden/pets/15-dumbest-dog-breeds-that-are-lovably-dopey?pages=2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">This article originally appeared on Reader's Digest.</a>

Family & Pets

Top 10 dog breeds revealed

The ten most popular dog breeds have been revealed, with the Cavoodle coming out on top. Poodle crosses were a popular choice overall, as the Groodle and Labradoodle also made the list. Cavoodles were just in front of the Golden Retriever, followed by the French Bulldog, Golden Doodle or Groodle and the Border Collie. Pet Insure Australia compiled the list based on dog breeds born and insured throughout 2022. Nadia Crighton from Pet Insurance Australia said the statistics give a “lovely insight” into the types of pets Aussies are welcoming into their homes, with a “great” combination of purebred and mixed breeds. Crighton said it’s important for people looking to adopt a pet to research different types of breeds to see if they’re suited to their lifestyle. “Particularly with dogs, different breeds require different levels of exercise. Some simply adore a Netflix binge on the couch, while others will require a decent amount of exercise to keep them happy and healthy,” she said. “We always encourage people to look past the atheistic qualities of a pet and make sure their typical breed traits suit your household.” Chrighton also recommended considering adopting a pet even if you have a particular breed in mind. “Contact local breeders who offer rehoming services or call your local shelter can allow you to offer a pet a forever home while obtaining the pet of your dreams,” she said.

Family & Pets

It took scientists 100 years to track these eels to their breeding ground

The life of a European eel isn’t an easy one. They’re critically endangered, must travel up to 10,000 km to get to their spawning point and then when they get there they <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eel_life_history#European_eel" target="_blank" rel="noopener">probably die</a>. But they’re also incredibly difficult to keep track of. In the 1920s a Danish biologist named Johannes Schmidt, discovered the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sargasso Sea</a> – due east of North America – had eel larvae. He spent the next 20 years trying to confirm his finding. But in the century since, researchers have been unable to sample either eggs or spawning adults. Now, a team from Europe has published a paper in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-19248-8" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scientific Reports</a> that shows the first direct evidence of adult European eels migrating to the Sargasso Sea to breed. This provides vitally needed information on the life cycle of these slippery suckers. “The European Eel is critically endangered, so it is important that we solve the mystery surrounding their complete life-cycle to support efforts to protect the spawning area of this important species,” <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ancient-mystery-of-european-eel-migration-unravelled-to-help-combat-decline-of-critically-endangered-species" target="_blank" rel="noopener">says project lead Ros Wright from the UK Environment Agency.</a> “This is the first time we’ve been able to track eels to the Sargasso Sea … Their journey will reveal information about eel migration that has never been known before.” The team attached satellite tags to 26 female eels that were in rivers in the Azores archipelago – an autonomous region of Portugal in the North Atlantic Ocean – and then waited. When tracking had been done before in areas within Europe, like the Baltic and North Sea, the migratory routes were tracked up to 5000 kilometres, but the tracking had not gone for long enough, and the eels were heading in the right direction, but never made it all the way to the Sargasso Sea. <div class="newsletter-box"> <div id="wpcf7-f6-p219813-o1" class="wpcf7" dir="ltr" lang="en-US" role="form"> </div> </div> “The data from the tags were used to identify migratory routes that extended up to 5000 km from release, and which suggested routes taken by eels migrating from different countries converge when passing the Azores,” <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-19248-8" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the team wrote in their paper.</a> “However, although eels were tracked for six months or more, their migration speed was insufficient to reach the Sargasso Sea for the first presumed spawning period after migration commenced, prompting the hypothesis that the spawning migration period of eels may extend to more than 18 months.” So, the team went directly to Azores to try and get the last leg of the journey, tracking 26 of the female eels with ‘X tags’. These collect data every two minutes and when the tag releases from the eel and bobs to the surface it then connects to the ARGOS satellite. Of course, not every single one worked. Only 23 tags communicated with the system; two became detached from the eels within a week. But the remainder provided a wealth of data to the team. Average migration speed was between 3 and 12 kilometres a day, and they were tracked from 40 days all the way to 366 days. Five of the eels ended up in within the Sargasso Sea boundaries while one eel made it all the way to the presumed breeding area Schmidt discovered those many years before. This isn’t the first time that eels have been tracked in this way. A study published last year, also in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-02325-9" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scientific Reports</a>, which Cosmos covered at the time, looked at the spawning migrations of the Australasian short-finned eel. They found that the eels travelled for five months, around 2,620 km from south-Eastern Australia, as far north as the Coral Sea in Northern Queensland. The researchers in the European eel case still have much to do. The eels didn’t move fast enough to be able to make it to the spawning period on time, which means we still don’t really understand the life cycle. “Rather than make a rapid migration to spawn at the earliest opportunity, European eels may instead make a long, slow spawning migration at depth that conserves their energy and reduces mortality risk,” the team wrote. There’s also questions of what mechanisms the eels use to be able to correctly navigate to the Sargasso Sea. As usual in science, one answer has led to plenty more questions. <img id="cosmos-post-tracker" style="opacity: 0; height: 1px!important; width: 1px!important; border: 0!important; position: absolute!important; z-index: -1!important;" src="https://syndication.cosmosmagazine.com/?id=219813&title=It+took+scientists+100+years+to+track+these+eels+to+their+breeding+ground" width="1" height="1" /> <div id="contributors"> <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/nature/animals/european-eels-life-cycle-tracking-schmidt-sargasso-sea/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">This article</a> was originally published on Cosmos Magazine and was written by Jacinta Bowler. Image: Getty Images </div>

Family & Pets

Can selective breeding of ‘super kelp’ save our cold water reefs from hotter seas?

Australia’s vital kelp forests are disappearing in many areas as our waters warm and our climate changes. While we wait for rapid action to slash carbon emissions – including the United Nations climate talks now underway in Glasgow – we urgently need to buy time for these vital ecosystems. How? By ‘future-proofing’ our kelp forests to be more resilient and adaptable to changing ocean conditions. Our recent trials have shown selectively bred kelp with higher heat tolerance can be successfully replanted and used in restoration. This matters because these large seaweed species are the foundation of Australia’s <a href="https://theconversation.com/australias-other-reef-is-worth-more-than-10-billion-a-year-but-have-you-heard-of-it-45600">Great Southern Reef</a>, a vast but little-known <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-05-19/great-southern-reef-needs-more-attention-scientists-say/12227998">temperate reef system</a> and a global hotspot of biodiversity. The reef’s kelp forests run along 8000 km of Australia’s southern coastline, from Geraldton in Western Australia to the Queensland border with New South Wales. These underwater forests support coastal food-webs and fisheries. Think of the famous mass-spawning of Australian Giant Cuttlefish off Whyalla, the rock lobster and abalone fisheries, or our iconic weedy and leafy seadragons. Unfortunately, these seas are hotspots in the literal sense, with the nation’s southeast and southwest waters <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11160-013-9326-6">warming several times faster than the global average </a>and suffering from some of the <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-much-do-marine-heatwaves-cost-the-economic-losses-amount-to-billions-and-billions-of-dollars-170008">worst marine heatwaves recorded</a>. These increasing temperatures and other climate change impacts are devastating our kelp, including shrinking forests and permanent losses of golden kelp (Ecklonia radiata) on the <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-08-22/tropical-fish-sea-urchins/100396162">east</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/a-marine-heatwave-has-wiped-out-a-swathe-of-was-undersea-kelp-forest-62042">west coasts</a>, and <a href="https://www.imas.utas.edu.au/news/news-items/satellite-images-track-decline-of-tasmanias-giant-kelp-forests">staggering declines</a> of the now-endangered giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) forests in Tasmania. <a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/429669/original/file-20211102-27-9dqafn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/429669/original/file-20211102-27-9dqafn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" alt="Golden kelp forest" /></a> We need novel measures to buy time for climate action Australian researchers are leading the way to try to find ways of future-proofing our critical ocean ecosystems, such as kelp forests and <a href="https://theconversation.com/meet-the-super-corals-that-can-handle-acid-heat-and-suffocation-122637">coral reefs</a>. In part, that’s because climate change is hitting our ecosystems early and hard. Climate change is moving much faster than kelp species can adapt. In turn, that threatens all the species that rely on these forests, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3810891/">including us</a>. If climate change wasn’t happening, we could try to halt or reverse the losses of kelp forests by using traditional restoration methods. But in a world getting hotter and hotter, that is futile in many cases. Even if we slash carbon emissions soon, decades more warming are <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/09/climate/climate-change-report-ipcc-un.html">already locked in</a>. If we want to keep these forests of the sea alive, we must now consider cutting-edge methods to help kelp survive current and future ocean conditions while governments pursue the urgent goal of reducing emissions. <h2>How to future proof an underwater forest</h2> Together and separately, we’ve been exploring techniques to speed up the natural rate of evolution to boost kelp resilience. Along with other researchers, we’ve put several techniques to the test in the real world, with promising results. Others remain hypothetical. At present, there are <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.00237/full">several broad approaches</a> to future-proofing restoration work. These include: <ul> <li> Genetic rescue focuses on enhancing the genetic diversity of genetically compromised populations to boost their potential to adapt to future conditions. This involves planting and restoring a mix of kelp from <a href="https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1365-2664.13707">disconnected populations</a> of the same species. Improved genetic diversity can boost the ability of these forests to respond to change. We expect this approach to be especially useful in areas where climate change poses a limited threat at present. </li> <li> Assisted gene flow strategies introduce naturally adapted or tolerant kelp individuals into threatened populations to increase their ability to survive specific threats, like hotter seas. This could help kelp forests in areas affected by climate change now or in the near future. In these situations, the genetic rescue technique could be counterproductive if the new genetic diversity introduced isn’t able to cope with the heat. </li> <li> Selective breeding is a well-known agricultural technique, and can be used to identify the best kelp to use in these cases. In short, we try to identify kelp with naturally higher tolerance, and then use these as the basis for restoration efforts. These can be transplanted into ailing kelp forests. <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-10-13/kelp-forests-off-tasmania-regrowing-a-year-since-project-began/100532756">Trials are presently underway</a> in Tasmania using giant kelp. Early results are exciting, with the largest ‘super kelp’ growing over 12 metres high a year after being planted. </li> </ul> In the future, we may have to explore more cutting-edge strategies to deal with the changing conditions. These include: <ul> <li> Genetic manipulation. This technique extends what is possible with selective breeding by directly manipulating genes to enhance the traits or characteristics that might further boost kelp’s ability to thrive in hotter waters. </li> <li> Assisted expansion is when species with little chance of survival are relocated to better but novel locations, assuming these exist. This technique could also see new species of kelp being planted to replace existing species, guided by the need to protect the forest ecosystem as a whole, rather than save specific species. </li> </ul> <a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/429674/original/file-20211102-13-1o4uuod.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/429674/original/file-20211102-13-1o4uuod.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" alt="Scientist experimenting on kelp" /></a> <h2>Are these approaches ethical?</h2> Each of these techniques – tested or untested – pose challenging ethical questions. That’s because we are not undertaking traditional conservation, where we work to restore a historic kelp ecosystem. Instead, we are modifying these ecosystems in the hope they can better cope with conditions at the extremes of their current survival limits. That means we must move carefully, weighing potential downsides like genetic pollution and maladaptation (accidental poor adaptation to other stressors) against the probability of further kelp forest destruction from doing nothing. Such future-proofing interventions could be well suited to areas already hit hard by severe kelp forest losses, those that will be threatened in the near future, or where kelp losses would be particularly damaging environmentally, socially, or economically. What is certain is that communities that live and rely on our southern coasts must now talk about what they value from kelp forests, and how they want them to look and function into the future. Our view is that traditional approaches focused on recreating previous ecosystems are likely to be increasingly challenging, given the rate and scale of ongoing disruption in our oceans. It is crucial that we do not restore nostalgically for ocean conditions which are quickly changing, but instead, work to ensure the long-term survival of these spectacular underwater forests while we wait for rapid action to reduce carbon emissions.<img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/170271/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /> <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/cayne-layton-104355">Cayne Layton</a>, Postdoctoral fellow and lecturer, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-tasmania-888">University of Tasmania</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/melinda-coleman-1285592">Melinda Coleman</a>, Principal Research Scientist This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/can-selective-breeding-of-super-kelp-save-our-cold-water-reefs-from-hotter-seas-170271">original article</a>. Image: Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies

Domestic Travel

The 10 cuddliest and most affectionate dog breeds

Like humans, dogs are each individual with distinctive personality traits, but some breeds are notoriously more affectionate and love to cuddle up next to their humans. Many dogs crave connection just as people do, so chances are if they want to sleep next to you at night, they are looking to create that special bond (or maybe they just want an extra treat). These pups will make the perfect snuggle buddies, adventure partner, and overall best friend. 1. Great Dane <img style="width: 500px; height: 281.25px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7838697/01-great-dane-dog-and-child-shutterstock_230355919-770.jpg" alt="Great Dane" data-udi="umb://media/20b5f08148e34a328e62141007800c91" /> “It may seem counterintuitive, but Great Danes love to cuddle,” said editor Bobbie Abdallah. Originally known as the gentle giant, they adore snuggling up to the people that they love and don’t handle being alone very well. As Great Danes tower over other dogs and most humans on their hind legs, just the sight of them may make people cower, but they are one of the most patient and friendly pups around. 2. Pug <img style="width: 500px; height: 281.25px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7838698/02pug-dog-and-woman-shutterstock_1439709107-770.jpg" alt="Pug" data-udi="umb://media/fee38206b6b9436aaf4c561fd18e2678" /> “Pugs have earned the nickname ‘velcro pugs’ because they stick to their humans like velcro,” says writer Candy Pilar Godoy. “They follow their owners from room to room and have zero notion of personal space.” Originally bred for Chinese royalty, these tiny pups were intended to be lap dogs making them extremely affectionate towards humans. They love to be the centre of attention, and generally like to stick close to the people they love. 3. Golden Retriever <img style="width: 500px; height: 281.25px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7838699/03golden-retriever-dog-and-girl-shutterstock_1036133830-770.jpg" alt="Golden Retriever" data-udi="umb://media/05923dcf4e78423ab285fc337fec189b" /> This one comes as no surprise to most of us. Retrievers, both Golden and Labrador, are known to be one of the most loving dog breeds. They are intelligent, easy to train, and the top dog for families. “I’ve personally seen young children playing with these breeds for long periods of time where other breeds would run off. Retrievers will lie down and soak up the attention and give just as much affection back,” claimed Wesley Oaks, founder of Oddly Cute Pets. 4. Dachshund <img style="width: 500px; height: 281.25px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7838700/04-daschund-dog-and-child-shutterstock_201032174-770.jpg" alt="Dachshund" data-udi="umb://media/97da12ecd1f244db87cd49ec5aa3928b" /> Known for their tiny frame and oddly striking features, these small dogs love to snuggle up next to their human. “Dachshunds are known for their loving and tender personality and will happily spoon with you on the floor, burrow under your bed sheets at night, and be rocked like a baby in your arms if it means they get more time with their favourite person,” said Steph Wiggins, founder of dog gear company DJANGO. 5. Alaskan Klee Kai <img style="width: 500px; height: 281.25px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7838701/05alaskan-klee-kai-dog-and-child-shutterstock_39704326-770.jpg" alt="Alaskan Klee Kai" data-udi="umb://media/a42a04989a584252a6d26f12fca9058d" /> “I would say Alaskan Klee Kai are among the most affectionate breeds that I’ve encountered,” said Kieran Beckles. According to the Alaskan Klee Kai Association of America, this breed of dog can become very attached to their owners and that’s certainly the case with my dogs, says Beckles. These small dogs have large personalities and love to be around their human at all times. 6. Boxer <img style="width: 500px; height: 281.25px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7838702/06boxer-dog-and-man-shutterstock_159463067-770.jpg" alt="Boxer" data-udi="umb://media/0fc432f30e7b4a439dc79d15e59514e6" /> Boxer’s are known to be on the quieter side, but they remain extremely dedicated to their human and love to show them through snuggling. They are often referred to as ‘shadows’ as they will follow you around the house. They mature faster than other dogs, slowing down around the age of three or four. Boxers will happily lay next to you and will fully embrace your cuddles after a long day of exercise which this breed needs a lot of. 7. Rottweiler <img style="width: 500px; height: 281.25px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7838703/07rottweiler-dog-and-child-shutterstock_1303858480-770.jpg" alt="Rottweiler" data-udi="umb://media/884dd714d6e541b788120e7df2d5616b" /> “I personally own a Rottweiler and she’s a 50kg lovebug,” explains dog trainer Danielle Mühlenberg. Rottweilers are known to be overly suspicious of strangers and are often touted in the media as dogs that should be feared, but these dogs love cuddling just as much as retrievers. 8. Newfoundland <img style="width: 500px; height: 281.25px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7838704/08newfoundland-dog-and-child-shutterstock_1205526541-770.jpg" alt="Newfoundland" data-udi="umb://media/c9f66e4869b64a56b89c3a13edfb4311" /> The Newfoundland is another gentle giant like the Great Dane. They are friendly and very calm, any if trained properly will show affection towards children. “Because they require an active lifestyle and enjoy being outdoors, they’re perfect for dog owners that hike and exercise by day and lounge around by night,” said Mühlenberg. “Newfoundlands are the big teddy bears of dogs, making them the ultimate cuddle partner once it’s time to kick back.” These gentle giants will also not show aggression through biting. 9. Bichon Frise <img style="width: 500px; height: 281.25px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7838705/09bichon-frise-dog-and-woman-shutterstock_579843883-770.jpg" alt="Bichon Frise" data-udi="umb://media/47616fe3dae24352b2cae009f2a55307" /> Bichon Frise are miniature bundles of energy and affection. People are drawn to them because of their fluffy, cottonball appearance, and they are just as huggable as they look. They love to cuddle as much as they love to play so after a long day at the park, they will happily snuggle up next to you on the couch. Because the Bichon Frise is so affectionate, they thrive in households where they have company most of the time. 10. Staffy <img style="width: 500px; height: 281.25px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7838706/10banjo-staffy-lily_770.jpg" alt="Staffy" data-udi="umb://media/89b6d244cb3c449c838e4e77f5a5dd54" /> Often misunderstood, Staffordshire bull terriers (whether English or American) are extremely loyal, warm and very goofy pups. “Even though they usually get a bad rap, many of these dogs love to cuddle,” says veterinary consultant Sara Ochoa. As with any dog, proper socialisation, training, and some TLC will make staffys the best companions. Images: Shutterstock Written by Emma Taubenfeld. This article first appeared in <a rel="noopener" href="https://www.readersdigest.co.nz/food-home-garden/pets/11-most-affectionate-dog-breeds-that-love-to-cuddle" target="_blank">Reader’s Digest</a>. For more of what you love from the world’s best-loved magazine, <a rel="noopener" href="https://readersdigest.innovations.co.nz/c/readersdigestemailsubscribe?utm_source=over60&utm_medium=articles&utm_campaign=RDSUB" target="_blank">here’s our best subscription offer</a>.

Family & Pets

4 dog breeds who make the best pets for seniors

Whilst it’s super-easy to choose a dog based on their appearance and character, if you are considering adding a dog to your life, you need to figure out how they are going to fit in. <ul> <li>What does your typical day consist of? </li> <li>How much time have you got to spend exercising or playing with your dog? </li> <li>Do you want a devoted companion who will curl up on the sofa and is actually quite lazy? Or do you religiously walk for the morning paper to the other side of town? </li> <li>Do you have regular visitors? If so, you’ll need a dog who is happy to share you and will accept people milling around their home. </li> <li>Where do you live? If you are in an apartment you want a dog who is going to be easy to house-train. </li> <li>Those more stubborn doges are better suited to a house with a yard where you can leave the door mostly open during those prime training periods. Do you have close neighbours? </li> <li>How will they tolerate a barker? Or do you need a more chilled out dog? It’s also worth considering your experience with dogs. </li> </ul> Just because you’ve always had a large dog, doesn’t mean you still have to. You may find a little guy with oodles of personality! Let’s take a look at the best four dog breeds for seniors in some detail. The Pomapoo A designer cross between <a href="https://www.allthingsdogs.com/pomapoo/">the Toy Poodle and the Pomeranian</a> results in a fluffy lap dog, who can be somewhat active – if they want to be! They are confident and playful, but unlike many smaller dogs, they are not renowned barkers! Perfect if you live in an apartment or have close neighbours. The Pomapoo craves human attention so is happiest curled up on your lap. Whilst they are generally good with humans of all ages, they aren’t brilliant with small kids, so not ideal if you have grandkids visiting! An adorable teddy bear, with a loving and affectionate personality. A definite contender! The Whoodle The adorable cross <a href="https://www.perfectdogbreeds.com/whoodle/">between the Soft-coated Wheaten Terrier and the Poodle</a>! He is well-natured, playful and intelligent. He thrives in any home and with any number of residents; even kids! He is easy-to-train and extremely loyal. He is happy with around 30 minutes to an hour of exercise per day; perfect for that morning stroll. Having the Poodle Parent, they are prone to ear issues, so make this one of the things you regularly check and clean them when needed. A highly versatile breed who is super-intelligent. All whilst rocking the most adorable look! The wonderful Whoodle! The Chihuahua You really can have the pick of the litter with these guys. They can be long-haired, short-haired and <a href="https://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/chihuahua/">even have different shaped heads</a>. What they all have in common? None of them realise they are one of the smallest breeds to grace planet earth! A feisty companion with a loyal heart. Not particularly high on exercise requirements, these guys are the ultimate lap dog. They just love their people. This can cause issues for some as they can become protective. If you have regular visitors, your Chi needs to meet them as young as possible, otherwise you may have issues as they grow. They can also be incredibly stubborn, which can make house-training more of a challenge. For this reason, they are better suited to a home with a yard where they can easily access where they are supposed to “go potty!” That said, some owners in apartments have successfully trained their Chis to use a litter tray. A little dog with a larger than life personality – the only place they want to be is wherever you are! The Labradoodle or Goldendoodle If you are pretty active and like spending time outdoors, you may be better suited to a Doodle. The designer mix between the Labrador and the Poodle results in the Labradoodle. The mix between the Golden Retriever and the Poodle <a href="https://www.allthingsdogs.com/goldendoodle">results in the Goldendoodle</a>. Being slighter calmer in nature, the Goldendoodle may suit a more laid-back home. The Labradoodle however won’t be a fan of missing their daily walk, but they are super family dogs so will be perfect play mates for when the grandkids visit! Both of these guys love hiking and swimming but are equally happy playing with their friends in the dog park. A super-adaptable dog, they just need a little more action than the others on our list. Both have pretty high grooming requirements, so seek out a qualified groomer as soon as possible and organise a regular schedule. Another adorable teddy bear, just a little bigger and a little more energetic! Choosing a dog to suit your lifestyle isn’t easy, but we hope our list has given you a good place to start. A final thought for consideration, there are over 3million healthy dogs who find themselves in dog shelters each year. Once you’ve found the breed or type of dog you love, why not head down to your local shelter and adopt one?! Once you’ve adopted your dog, you can then <a href="https://www.mypetsname.com/dog-names/">think about names for them!</a> Story written by John Woods.

Family & Pets

7 awesome dog breeds you’ve never heard of – until now

Warning: You’re about to fall in love with these seven dogs, but don’t get too attached just yet – you might not be able to find one of your own to take home! While some have been around for thousands of years, others have come onto the scene a lot more recently. Either way, you might be surprised you never heard of them until now. 1. Schipperke Small and energetic, the Schipperke (pronounced Skipper-key) is native to Belgium. Adored for its inquisitive personality and beautiful coat, “the little black devil” was a vermin hunter. Today, they’re regarded as happy, loyal companions. Their sassy demeanour and enthusiasm for mischief requires a dedicated owner who will supervise its adventures. Schipperkes are talented escape artists – a well-fenced yard, and on-leash walks are a must. <a href="https://www.readersdigest.com.au/pets/6-ways-make-your-dog-smarter">Here are 6 ways to make your dog smarter. </a> 2. Coton de Tulear Known as the Royal Dog of Madagascar, the Coton de Tulear (pronounced Cu-toe de Too-lay-are) dates back several centuries. Sharing ancestors with the Maltese and Bichon Frise, this happy-go-lucky pup historically served as a royal pet. Sociable and smart, the Coton often behaves like a little furry clown. Their bouncy antics and tireless energy are endearing, but owners must be careful not to fall completely under their Coton’s spell – this fun-loving breed will take advantage of a lenient master. 3. Icelandic Sheepdog Iceland’s native dog is not only unique, but rare. Rescued from the brink of extinction in the 1950s, the Icelandic Sheepdog is slowly increasing in numbers. A natural herder, the breed is alert, intelligent and enthusiastic. Friendly with other animals and gentle with children, the Icelandic forms strong bonds with its master. Occasionally, this attachment can cause separation anxiety and excess barking. With a gentle touch, a skilled owner can teach their Icelandic Sheepdog to be calm in their absence. <a href="https://www.readersdigest.com.au/pets/can-you-guess-dog-breed-based-its-puppy-picture">Can you guess these dog breeds based on their puppy pictures?</a> 4. Berger Picard With its tousled appearance, the Berger Picard – star of the movie Because of Winn-Dixie – is often mistaken for a mutt. Don’t let this dog’s low-maintenance look fool you. This canine boasts a proud French pedigree. Traditionally a sheepdog, the Berger Picard (pronounced Bare zhay Peecar) almost disappeared after World War II. Fortunately, breed fanciers are re-establishing its presence not only in France, but worldwide. Quiet, loyal and athletic, the Berger craves attention and often displays comical behaviour. 5. Boykin Spaniel With its gold eyes, and soft, chocolate-coloured coat, the Boykin Spaniel could easily be discounted as just a pretty household pet – but this breed is no lap dog. Hard-working and spirited, this spaniel is a seasoned hunting companion. Bred for tracking wild turkeys, the Boykin first appeared in the south-eastern United States during the early 20th century, has a friendly personality, and adores children. 6. Leonberger Originating in Germany in the mid-1800s, the Leonberger was a favourite of European royals. Strong and imposing, this household guardian closely resembled a lion. Today, its affectionate manner makes him an excellent therapy dog, or children’s companion. But don’t be misled by his cuddly disposition – prospective owners must train this pet properly. With many Leonbergers weighing over 55kg, they naturally believe that they’re the boss. <a href="https://www.readersdigest.com.au/pets/worlds-largest-dog-breeds">Check out the world’s largest dog breeds.</a> 7. Cane Corso Dating back to 600 AD Italy, the Cane Corso (pronounced Connie Corso) descends from Roman war dogs. Its large, athletic build and strong work ethic made this canine ideal for herding, hunting, and guarding. Almost extinct in the 1980s, the breed is now making a welcome comeback. Suspicious of strangers yet devoted to its master, the Cane Corso requires an experienced dog owner who can handle its protective instincts. <a href="https://www.readersdigest.com.au/food-home-garden/pets/12-secrets-your-dogs-tail-is-trying-to-tell-you">Here are the secrets your dog’s tail is trying to tell you.</a> Written by Jackie Middleton and Lisa Marie Conklin. This article first appeared in <a href="https://www.readersdigest.com.au/food-home-garden/pets/30-awesome-dog-breeds-youve-never-heard-of-until-now">Reader’s Digest</a>. For more of what you love from the world’s best-loved magazine, <a rel="noopener" href="http://readersdigest.innovations.co.nz/c/readersdigestemailsubscribe?utm_source=over60&utm_medium=articles&utm_campaign=RDSUB&keycode=WRN93V" target="_blank">here’s our best subscription offer.</a> <img style="width: 100px !important; height: 100px !important;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7820640/1.png" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/f30947086c8e47b89cb076eb5bb9b3e2" />

Family & Pets

6 most affectionate cat breeds

Let’s be honest: cats have a bit of a reputation. They often seem aloof, and we’re not even sure they like us half the time. They don’t greet us at the door when we come home, and they seem downright moody and uninterested in us – unless we’re opening a can of food. But not all cats are like that. (Really!) Some cats are shamelessly affectionate and rarely leave the side of their favourite human. Teresa Keiger, a judge with the Cat Fanciers’ Association (CFA) who has lived with and shown several cat breeds, is keenly aware of the feline psyche and which breeds are the most affectionate. If you’re looking for a cat who loves to cuddle, these breeds are your best bets. 1. Ragdoll You’ll never hear, “She’s just not that into you,” from someone who has a Ragdoll cat. Female – and male – Ragdolls tend to be more interested in their humans than some other breeds of cats. The mutual fondness goes both ways. It’s easy to get lost in their intoxicating blue eyes and glorious fluffy coat. Underneath that fluffy coat is a hefty cat: males weigh up to 10kg. “They’re a large cat, so while they might not prefer to be on top of you, they certainly really want to be with their people,” says Keiger. 2. European Burmese Keiger says the European Burmese has the same big, loving personality as its American cousin – just in a slightly different package. Appearance-wise, the body of the European Burmese is slightly longer with soft curves, as opposed to the American breed, which is more well-rounded. Plus, the introduction of the red gene gives the European Burmese a wider variety of colours than its cousin. Both types of Burmese, however, are lovers and snugglers who want nothing more than to be your adoring companions. 3. Russian Blue Talk about a head-turner! The Russian Blue’s plush silvery blue coat and piercing green eyes are positively gorgeous. And though it seems to emit a ‘look but don’t touch’ vibe, Keiger says not to let its aloofness toward strangers fool you. The Russian Blue is acutely perceptive and knows if someone is a friend or foe. “Once a Russian Blue considers you a friend, you’ll never have an empty lap again,” she says. “They bond completely with their owners.” 4. Birman One look and you’re done. Those wistful blue eyes, that cute button nose, and the gorgeous silky coat – how could you not want to cuddle? Luckily, the Birman is totally up for that and will beckon you to the sofa for snuggle time. One of the most famous Birmans out there? Choupette, who was owned by Karl Lagerfeld and acted as the late designer’s muse for a line of feline-inspired accessories. Rumour has it that Choupette had two personal assistants to tend to her every need. 5. Maine Coon Cat The Maine Coon was first recognised as a specific breed in Maine, where it was named the official cat of the state. That’s a big honour for a giant-sized cat. According to Purina Maine Coons generally weigh between 4 – 8kg, and they can be almost 100cm long! But despite their size, they still think they’re tiny kitties. “They truly have no idea of how big they are as they try to ease into your lap or your bed,” says Keiger, whose own Maine Coon acts as her armrest on the sofa every evening. Plus, they are very laid-back and easy going, she adds. Oddly enough, they even like water and are noted for their raccoon-like ability to scoop up food and water with their paws. 6. American Shorthair If you’re looking for a family-oriented feline who loves to cuddle in your lap but isn’t always in your face, the American Shorthair may be for you. An added bonus: these adorable cats are also proficient mousers. “The American Shorthair is another breed that’s easy to live with and good in an active household,” says Keiger. “Nothing much bothers them, and they enjoy hanging out with their humans.” Shorthairs can live 15 years or longer when they’re in a nurturing home and eat a quality diet. Source:<a href="https://www.rd.com/advice/most-affectionate-cat-breeds/"> RD.com</a> Written by Lisa Marie Conklin. This article first appeared in <a href="https://www.readersdigest.com.au/food-home-garden/pets/12-most-affectionate-cat-breeds">Reader’s Digest</a>. For more of what you love from the world’s best-loved magazine, <a href="http://readersdigest.innovations.co.nz/c/readersdigestemailsubscribe?utm_source=over60&utm_medium=articles&utm_campaign=RDSUB&keycode=WRN93V">here’s our best subscription offer.</a>

Family & Pets

"I created a Frankenstein's monster": Inventor of most popular dog breed haunted by regret

The labradoodle is one of the most popular dogs around the world - it is no wonder how with their cutesy curls and plaintive eyes. However, the man who first invented the breed in the 1980’s admitted he has some feelings of regret for creating the infamous labradoodle. "I realised what I had done within a matter of days,” Wally Conron told <a rel="noopener" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2019-09-23/labradoodle-guide-dogs-designer-regret/10717186" target="_blank">abc.net.au.</a> As a professional dog breeder, Wally said he mainly worried about breeding healthy, happy pups. However, he believes labradoodle breeders do not share the same concerns. "I realised the reason for these unethical, ruthless people [was] to breed these dogs and sell them for big bucks," Wally says. "I opened a Pandora's box and released a Frankenstein's monster. "When I'm out and I see these labradoodles I can't help myself, I go over them in my mind. "I look at it thinking, does it have hip dysplasia, has it got elbow problems, any other problems I can see? "I find that the biggest majority are either crazy or have a hereditary problem. I do see some damn nice labradoodles but they're few and far between." Mr Conron first crossed a labrador and a poodle in the late eighties after he was asked to breed a non-shedding guide dog. "I bred the labradoodle for a blind lady whose husband was allergic to dog hair," he says. "She wanted to know if we could come up with a dog that she could use as a guide dog and her husband wouldn't be allergic to," he says, speaking to the ABC podcast <a rel="noopener" href="https://abclisten.page.link/gro5" target="_blank">Sum Of All Parts.</a> He trialled 33 different standard poodles after deciding a “standard” one would “do the job”, he decided they didn’t have the right temperament to be a successful guide dog. After three years of attempts, Wally came up with the idea make a brand new crossbreed or "a dog with the working ability of the Labrador and the coat of the poodle". After breeding three dogs, he shipped one off to the blind woman and her husband who lived with the dog well into his retirement. The other two, he found, were extremely hard to get rid of as “no one wanted a cross breed,” Out of sheer frustration, Mr Conran approached Guide Dogs Victoria’s PR department and asked them to say they’d bred a “special breed.” "I said 'can you get onto the media and tell them that we've bred a special breed? A breed called the labradoodle — it's non-allergenic',” he said. Quickly Wally found it became a sensation. "I could not visualise the publicity that a crossbred dog would get," Wally says. "Cars would stop and people would get out of the car and say to me, 'excuse me what sort of dog is that?' I'd say 'it's a labradoodle!'" While the gorgeous dogs have captured the attention of many over the last 30 years, the cost of them far outweigh their multi-thousand dollar price tag.

Family & Pets

8 cat breeds with the friendliest personalities

Every cat lover knows the stereotype: Cats are aloof, indifferent, and moody. But there are some breeds that are known in the animal-loving community for being more social and affectionate. These are the cat breeds that experts say make the friendliest pets. 1. Maine Coon There’s a reason these cats have the nickname “gentle giants”. While larger than the average cat – they usually range in size from nine to 18 pounds – experts note that they tend to be big softies. Their meow is a high-pitched, light sound, often surprising to hear coming from such a massive fur ball. These friendly cat breeds also generally get along great with humans and other cats alike, making them ideal choices for multi-pet households. “[Maine Coons’] sweet natures and playful silliness are a delight to have around,” says Patricia Washburn, author of Self-Care for Cats (And Their Humans). 2. Burmese A majestic-looking feline originally from southeast Asia, the Burmese is a great choice if you want a cat that’ll cuddle up in your lap. Relatively small in size but often stocky, these friendly cat breeds love curling up for a snuggle, and they have no problem letting their humans know when they want attention. “Burmese cats are exceptionally affectionate,” says Bruce Silverman, VMD, a practicing vet at Chicago’s Village West Veterinary. “This has actually been very consistent with the Burmese during their vet visits.” 3. Siamese They may be villainous, scheming characters in Disney’s Lady and the Tramp, but don’t let that fool you – Siamese cats are truly kind kitties! Animal expert and communicator Libby Brittain praises Siamese cats as “inquisitive and intelligent”. Aloof, these cats are not – they’re known as one of the most curious breeds, if not the most curious, and often take interest in what their humans are up to. One thing that Brittain notes, though, is that Siamese are one of the most vocal cat breeds, so much so that “you can carry on a conversation” with them. While some cat owners love that, others might prefer a less noisy pet. 4. Bombay Who says black cats are bad luck? These black beauties make great companions and, despite being nicknamed “the miniature panther,” they tend to be far more pal than predator. In fact, Washburn calls them “gorgeous creatures who are often great with kids,” and they’re known for being friendly cat breeds that get along with owners and strangers alike. 5. Persian These fluffy white felines might be the chosen companions of Bond villains, and while it is true that Persians generally love being held and pampered, the bad-guy association doesn’t hold up. “Just like their sweet faces, this breed is gentle and loves returning affection that they are given,” says Rachel Barrack, DVM, founder of <a href="http://www.animalacupuncture.com/">Animal Acupuncture</a>. She notes that, while they love a good cuddle, they tend not to be particularly rambunctious or playful. But while they may not make the best choice for people looking for a peppy pet, they’re an affectionate companion for those seeking something a little more laidback. 6. Exotic Shorthair Exotic Shorthairs are directly related to Persians – they were bred to be a mix of Persians and American Shorthairs. As such, they’re similar to Persians in both looks and personality. Since their short coats require significantly less grooming than Persians’ ample fur, they’re often touted as ideal alternatives to Persians for people with busier schedules. As for disposition, “Exotic Shorthairs are very friendly and … seem to become very loyal to at least one of the humans they live with,” Emily Parker, cat behaviour expert at <a href="https://www.catological.com/">Catological</a>, told RD.com. On the flip side, though, Barrack notes that Exotic Shorthairs may not immediately be friendly to people they don’t know. “Sometimes it takes this breed a bit of time to warm up to strangers, but these cats are loyal and dedicated pets,” Barrack says. 7. Ragdoll Most cat people know exactly how the Ragdoll cat got its name: When a human picks it up, it’ll go limp like a rag doll. But there’s far more to Ragdolls than just passive balls of fur – these friendly cat breeds love to play with their trusted humans and have been known to even come when they’re called. “They’re super affectionate and love to follow their people around,” Washburn told RD.com. 8. Abyssinian If you’re looking for a playful, spunky cat with a great personality, these tawny-coloured cats make a purr-fect choice. Known for being boisterous and active, the Abyssinian “loves activities, is super playful, and loves people of ALL ages – young kids included,” according to Barrack. Written by Meghan Jones. This article first appeared in <a href="http://www.readersdigest.com.au/pets/8-cat-breeds-friendliest-personalities?items_per_page=All">Reader’s Digest</a>. For more of what you love from the world’s best-loved magazine, <a href="http://readersdigest.innovations.co.nz/c/readersdigestemailsubscribe?utm_source=over60&utm_medium=articles&utm_campaign=RDSUB&keycode=WRN87V">here’s our best subscription offer</a>. <img style="width: 100px !important; height: 100px !important;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7820640/1.png" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/f30947086c8e47b89cb076eb5bb9b3e2" />

Family & Pets

10 dog breeds that don’t shed

No matter what kind of dog you get, you’re going to get an eternally grateful, loving and loyal friend. But as we get older, we don’t want more housework added to the chore list, and some pups add just that. But that doesn’t mean you have to miss out on getting a new best friend. Any one of these breeds (or a delightfully adorable mutt mixed with one of these breeds) will give you all the love and affection you’d expect from a canine companion, sans fur all over the furniture. Scroll through the gallery above to see our picks for the 10 best non- or low-shedding dogs and let us know in the comments, do you own one of these pooches? Or another non-shedding dog?

Family & Pets

Move over 'helicopter parents' – there's now a new breed called 'lawnmower parents'

The term ‘helicopter parenting’ is the widely used phrase to describe a hovering parent that dutifully watches for any potential danger. Now, ‘lawnmower parenting’ is being used to band parents who smooth the path in front of their children, removing any obstacles to happiness and success. On face value, these parenting styles seem noble, but clinical psychologist Renee Mill told news.com.au what these methods can have on children. “Parents are stressed and tired enough, but by attempting to micro-manage every aspect of their child’s life they put too much onus on themselves. Frequently, this eventually translates into greater irritability and over time, developing a short fuse.” Renee explained, “Ironic, isn’t it? We are doing our damnedest to be the best parents and give our children the smoothest life, but it can result in happiness levels at home decreasing because of frayed nerves and nervous tension." Renee encourages parents to ensure they are having a balanced life and getting enough rest, sleep and food, which will then increase a parent’s capacity to care for their child. She highlights how it is important for parents to give their children space to grow in independence and resilience. “A child that needs less managing, that gets up independently in the morning, completes their homework and deals responsibly with teachers and friends, is a child more likely to develop into a successful, self-sufficient adult.” What do you think of this new style of parenting? Tell us in the comments below. Renee Mill is a senior clinical psychologist and best-selling author. Her latest book, Parenting Without Anger, $32.99 (Impact Press) is available from all good bookstores and online at <a href="https://www.booktopia.com.au/search.ep?keywords=Parenting+Without+Anger&productType=917504" target="_blank">Booktopia</a>.

News

Unbelievable photos show how much dog breeds have changed

Dogs and humans have lived harmoniously together for tens of thousands of years, so naturally, they’ve evolved alongside us. Today, there are 339 “official” breeds of dog, but there are countless mixes and mutts in households around the world. However, you might be surprised to learn that many of these breeds look drastically different today compared to when they were first registered. Take a look through the gallery above as we see how much our favourite breeds have changed over the years. <ol> <li>Pomeranian</li> <li>Bull Terrier</li> <li>German Shepherd</li> <li>Airedale Terrier</li> <li>Dachshund</li> <li>Pug</li> <li>French Bulldog</li> <li>Great Dane</li> <li>English Bulldog</li> <li>Boxer</li> </ol> Which of these breeds do you think look better today? Which do you think should have remained the same? Share your thoughts with us in the comments below.

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