Placeholder Content Image

Dissecting Stevie Wonder’s Superstition, 50 years after we first heard its infectious grooves

<p>On October 24 1972, Stevie Wonder released his 15th album Talking Book and the world heard the infectious grooves and seamless vocal delivery of the song Superstition for the very first time.</p> <p>Superstition reached number one in the Billboard Hot 100 and on the soul singles chart. </p> <p>The song has been covered by an astounding number of artists, from <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dbxmmFsofA4">Mel Torme</a>to <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0dNNl79_2Yc">Stevie Ray Vaughan and Macy Gray</a>, French musician <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NzwiyeLvZwg">Tété</a> and a unique mashup from <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7QLSNwFBFyI">Pomplamoose</a>.</p> <p>Superstition is frequently played at gigs and gatherings all over the globe because the bass riff and driving drum groove have so much <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DUIpSe7lcto">dance appeal</a> – a mix of the unexpected syncopation and repetition of the chorus hook. The song feels alive.</p> <h2>A simple structure</h2> <p>The listener can’t help but respond directly to the infectious opening groove played by Wonder. </p> <p>Three key instruments forge the captivating and carefully arranged funk groove in the introduction: the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavinet">Hohner Clavinet</a> (an electronic harpsichord – more on this later), drums and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moog_synthesizer">Moog bass</a>. The cohesion is musical magic. </p> <p>Superstition’s recording engineer Malcolm Cecil <a href="https://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_D5482985134149A5927DED9849248EF">recalled</a> how Wonder recorded the entire song on drums first, with no reference other than the song in his head, then the keyboard bass part, and then the Clavinet. </p> <p>This illustrates how complete his conceptualisation of the song was prior to recording. </p> <p>The song’s structure is simple. The introduction sets up the familiar groove with its static harmony, pulsing bass and keyboard riff. </p> <p>The verse proceeds over the same static harmony, with a new bass riff introduced halfway through, effecting a shift to a higher dynamic level. </p> <p>The chorus releases the tension with a sophisticated cadence, reflecting jazz sensibilities and revealing the breadth of Wonder’s musical knowledge. </p> <p>This structure is repeated, followed by an instrumental version of the chorus. Then there’s a final verse and chorus before a long instrumental section built on the verse riff leads to the final fade out.</p> <h2>Unexpected instruments</h2> <p>One of the most memorable parts of the song is the signature played on the Hohner Clavinet.</p> <p>A <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c7CY6aJtegc">Clavinet</a> looks like an electric keyboard, but it is an electro-mechanical string instrument originally developed for the performance of classical harpsichord and clavichord music.</p> <p>Like the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond_organ">Hammond organ</a> of the 1930s, it was soon discovered and adopted by many contemporary musicians.</p> <p>Wonder had already used the instrument on I Was Made to Love Her (1967), Shoo-Be-Doo-Be-Doo-Da-Day (1968) and I Don’t Know Why (1969). According to music journalist <a href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/2722025-innervisions">Martin Horn</a>, Wonder wanted to use the Clavinet on Superstition to “full effect” to “show off”. Wonder had described the instrument as “funky, dirty, stinky”.</p> <p>In some ways, the Clavinet is doing the job a guitarist might normally do. It plays the single note riff at the core of Wonder’s song, and chord parts similar to what you would hear from a strummed guitar. But there are also several other barely audible tracks of clavinet, which subtly add to the texture. </p> <p>Superstition’s bass line is played on an analog synthesiser called <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YX0XPdmSfXI">TONTO</a> (The Original New Timbral Orchestra). This is an extraordinary collection of electronics which filled an entire room, adding to the song with a totally unique sonic palette – akin to a PVC pipe hit with a thong.</p> <h2>Standing the test of time</h2> <p>The contributions from the horn parts are also integral, played by Steve Madaio on trumpet and Trevor Lawrence on the tenor saxophone. </p> <p>The horns first appear playing in unison with the bass line in the second half of the verse, emphasising the lift in energy. They play long notes in the chorus emphasising the melody, then reinforce the rhythmic figure at the crest of resolution. </p> <p>Their part culminates in a powerful instrumental hook answering the vocal hook, “superstition ain’t the way”. These parts are repeated in the ensuing verses and choruses.</p> <p>After the final chorus the horns cycle through a sequence containing the verse riff, the chorus hook and a short passage of long notes adapted from the chorus melody. </p> <p>The melody of Superstition is very singable. Wonder’s delivery is fluid and highly expressive. He sings relatively short phrases, allowing the keyboard riffs to fill the space at the end of each phrase. </p> <p>It isn’t until the chorus that Wonder delivers the first effortless vocal lick on “suffer”. His vocal delivery remains understated, with occasional punctuated phrases, gravel tones and a scream within the horn part. </p> <p>The song ends with a long 50 second fade out, reinforcing the riff. </p> <p>Superstition and Wonder’s vocal delivery is so dependable, groovy and secure musically. The listener feels free to give themselves over fully, to trust Wonder completely and lose themselves for a moment. </p> <p>Superstition stands the test of time.</p> <p><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p> <p><em>This article originally appeared on <a href="https://theconversation.com/dissecting-stevie-wonders-superstition-50-years-after-we-first-heard-its-infectious-grooves-189551" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Conversation</a>. </em></p>

Music

Placeholder Content Image

Into the groove: why music makes you move

<div class="copy"> <p>When Stevie Wonder’s 1972 hit “<em>Superstition</em>” comes on, you might find yourself bobbing your head, tapping your feet and maybe even dancing along. This phenomenon is widespread and seemingly automatic, but why humans consistently react this way to certain music is still unclear. The questions of why and how music can make us want to move has led many musicologists, psychologists and neuroscientists to the study of groove.</p> <p>Groove has been <a href="https://rhythmcoglab.coursepress.yale.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2014/10/Janataal_2012_Sensorimotor-coupling-in-music-and-the-psychology-of-the-groove.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">defined by researchers</a> as the pleasurable desire to move to music. That is, why we are compelled to tap or dance along to music and why does it feel good to move to music? And why would this compulsion elicit pleasure?</p> <p>Unsurprisingly, the research has consistently shown that <a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fa0024323" target="_blank" rel="noopener">rhythm is crucial to groove</a>. But music is not just rhythm, it is harmony, melody, timbre, structure, performance and many other things. In a set of studies, the first of which has <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0204539" target="_blank" rel="noopener">recently been published in PLOS One</a>, my colleagues and I have set to go beyond rhythm and in doing so, try to disentangle the emotive and motor components of groove.</p> <h2>Rhythm and groove</h2> <p>The term groove likely brings to mind certain types of rhythms or certain ways in which rhythms are played. We know that there are two important rhythmic drivers of groove: <a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fa0024323" target="_blank" rel="noopener">a regular beat</a> and <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01036/full" target="_blank" rel="noopener">syncopation</a>.</p> <p>A regular beat is the backbone of a rhythm on which other parts of the rhythm are based. Its regularity allows a listener or player to predict the timing of future notes, making it easy to synchronize their movements with the music and each other.</p> <p>However, there does not need to be a note on each beat for us to perceive or ‘feel’ the beat. When notes fall between the beats instead of on the beat, we call this a <a href="http://mp.ucpress.edu/content/25/1/43.abstract" target="_blank" rel="noopener">syncopation</a>. Syncopations work against the beat creating a tension between predictability and unpredictability. It is this tension that draws us in and drives us to engage with the music.</p> <p>However, as my collaborator <a href="https://mariawitek.github.io/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Maria Witek</a> — a senior research fellow at the University of Birmingham — has shown, not just any amount of syncopation will work to get people on the dance floor. <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0094446&amp;__hstc=171738815.2fdd7a7debc8575bac5a80cf7e168316.1476748800131.1476748800132.1476748800133.1&amp;__hssc=171738815.1.1476748800134&amp;__hsfp=1773666937" target="_blank" rel="noopener">In a seminal study</a>, she asked people to listen to 50 different rhythms covering a large range of degrees of syncopation. After hearing each rhythm, participants rated how much they wanted to move and how much pleasure they experienced. When these ratings are plotted against the degree of syncopation, a clear inverted U-shaped pattern emerges. That is, ratings are highest for rhythms with a medium degree of syncopation.</p> <h2>Finding the sweet spot</h2> <p>This suggests that there is a sweet spot. Too much syncopation and we lose the beat, the rhythm becomes too unpredictable and we can no longer synchronise to it. With no syncopation, the rhythm becomes too predictable and boring, like a metronome. This optimal level of tension between syncopation and beat encourages us to engage with the music. We are compelled to test our predictions of when future notes might occur. And what better way to test our predictions about how a rhythm will unfold than to move to it!</p> <p>But what about other aspects of music? For example, if we vary the complexity of chords will we see an inverted U-pattern? And will the sweet spot for rhythms and chords work together to augment the feeling of groove?</p> <p>We chose to investigate harmony (simultaneous notes forming a chord) in the context of groove because it is a strong emotive factor in music. <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0305735614552006" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A single chord can make us feel happy or tense and even convey complex emotions such as nostalgia</a>. Conversely, a single chord is not likely to make you want to move, regardless of its complexity. This allowed us to investigate whether the emotive and motoric aspects of groove are affected differentially.</p> <p>To do so, we set up an online study where participants would listen to musical excerpts that varied over three levels of syncopation and three levels of harmonic complexity. After listening to each excerpt, participants rated how much they wanted to move and how much pleasure they experienced.</p> <h2>Studying harmony</h2> <p>Our results showed an inverted U-pattern between ratings and rhythmic (but not harmonic) complexity. However, we did find that rhythm and harmony worked together such that rhythm had the strongest effect on ratings when coupled with medium complexity chords.</p> <p>These results supported our idea that the two aspects of groove can be affected differentially. Rhythm was the main driver as it strongly affected both pleasure and wanting to move. Harmony, on the other hand, primarily affected the emotive component of groove, which in turn increased the desire to move. Therefore, by increasing pleasure, pleasant harmonies increased the possibility of groove.</p> <p>In a follow-up study that has yet to be published, we had participants listen to some of the same excerpts and make the same types of ratings as in the above study. However, this time they did so while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging.</p> <p>This allowed us to investigate how brain regions involved in the different aspects of groove interact. In addition, we related these interactions to both the levels of complexity and the participants’ own ratings. By making the connection between the musical aspects groove, participants’ ratings, and their brain activity, we can get a step closer to fully characterising the experience of groove.</p> <h2>Music and therapy</h2> <p>Research on groove also has potential therapeutic applications. For example, the use of rhythmic music to treat motor symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease such as problems with gait <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-16232-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener">has shown promising results</a>. Groove research has the potential to clarify the connections between music, movement and pleasure that may be crucial in understanding and improving rhythm-based therapies. In addition, groove research may help to maximise the enjoyability of music used in this type of therapy which could increase patient motivation and enhance the therapeutic experience.</p> <p><em>Image credits: Getty Images </em></p> <div class="newsletter-box"> <div id="wpcf7-f6-p24673-o1" class="wpcf7" dir="ltr" lang="en-US" role="form"> <form class="wpcf7-form mailchimp-ext-0.5.56 resetting spai-bg-prepared" action="/health/into-the-groove-why-music-makes-you-move/#wpcf7-f6-p24673-o1" method="post" novalidate="novalidate" data-status="resetting"> <p> </p> </form> </div> </div> <p><em><img id="cosmos-post-tracker" class="spai-bg-prepared" style="opacity: 0; height: 1px!important; width: 1px!important; border: 0!important; position: absolute!important; z-index: -1!important;" src="https://syndication.cosmosmagazine.com/?id=24673&amp;title=Into+the+groove%3A+why+music+makes+you+move" width="1" height="1" data-spai-target="src" data-spai-orig="" data-spai-exclude="nocdn" /></em></div> <div id="contributors"> <p><em>This article was originally published on <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/health/into-the-groove-why-music-makes-you-move/">cosmosmagazine.com</a> and was written by The Conversation. </em></p> </div>

Music

Placeholder Content Image

‘Sex & the City’ reboot is more groan than groove, and misses the mark

<p><em>Warning: the following article contains spoilers about the “Sex and The City” reboot</em></p> <p>I started watching <em>Sex and the City</em> after the HBO series wrapped in 2004. The show’s zeitgeist rippled through conversations about sex, fashion and relationships, but I didn’t know what the buzz was all about.</p> <p>As a PhD student in the mid 2000s with no cable subscription, my visual entertainment consisted of renting VHS tapes and snuggling my cats on a navy futon.</p> <p>My friends couldn’t stop talking about the four main characters who wanted a lot from life, especially in terms of love and relationships. I often heard debates over whether someone was <a href="https://www.buzzfeed.com/whitneyjefferson/which-sex-and-the-city-character-are-you">a Carrie, Samantha, Charlotte or Miranda</a>.</p> <p>From the first episode I was hooked by the edgy banter and sexual situations they got into. They were also hashing out big issues like work, friendship, LGBTQIA+ rights and most of all what sex means.</p> <p>These issues have woven their way into my career as a sexuality scholar and as a women who identifies with the sexual verve of Samantha, Miranda’s biting humour and Carrie’s writerly profession.</p> <p>But I’m aghast at <em>Sex and the City</em>‘s bougie, whitewashed and sexless reboot called <em>And Just Like That</em> which debuted on Dec. 9. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/09/arts/television/review-and-just-like-that.html"><em>New York Times</em> television critic James Poniewozik</a> describes it as being like two shows:</p> <blockquote> <p>“One, which tries to grow with the women as they navigate their 50s and mortality, is a downer, but it takes risks and in moments is very good. The other, which tries to update its sassy turn-of-the-century sensibility for an era of diversity, is painful.”</p> </blockquote> <p>What can we take away from this epic fail as a society that continues to undervalue women and shun open discussions of age, class, race and sex?</p> <h2>The Peloton Effect</h2> <p>In the first episode Big dies in Carrie’s arms after an intense Peloton (exercise bike) session in their massive Upper East Side apartment. This rather dark scene foreshadows the decline of the smart and saucy social commentary that once defined <em>Sex and the City</em>.</p> <p>The characters seem stuck in the past and confused about who they are as older women. Instead of unpacking these tensions, they’re glossed over. Given that very few characters over 50 in mainstream film and TV are women — <a href="https://seejane.org/research-informs-empowers/women-over-50-report/">as few as one in four</a> — we need shows that feature women’s complex lived experiences instead of those that bend to the whims of the <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234460">male-driven entertainment industry</a></p> <p>Fingers crossed that the show bounces back with some fun, anti-ageist narratives like Peloton did after its <a href="https://celebrity.nine.com.au/latest/peloton-releases-ad-with-mr-big-chris-noth-still-alive/0392415a-8ed5-410f-acae-98b139f952cc">stocks descended following the opening episode</a>.</p> <p><iframe width="440" height="260" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Cy8Zz7Q56dY?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe> <span class="caption">Trailer for Sex and the City ‘And Just Like That’</span></p> <h2>Miranda</h2> <p>Miranda still has the best lines, like when she describes accidentally touching her son’s used condom over brunch: “I stepped on my son’s semen before coffee.” But she’s also framed as chronically unwoke and <a href="https://www.mediavillage.com/article/and-just-like-that-is-more-reflux-than-reboot/print/">offensive to everyone</a> — how is that comedic?</p> <p>In another scene Miranda contemplates dying her silvering hair. Going or staying grey is a hot topic among Hollywood actors, including Andie MacDowell, who <a href="https://www.vogue.com/article/andie-macdowell-gray-salt-and-pepper-hair">calls staying grey a “power move.”</a> Many if not all women grapple with this issue, which can make them feel like they must choose between <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/08952841.2021.1899744">feeling authentic and looking competent</a>. Miranda decides not to dye, which may encourage other women to resist dominant beauty trends that are designed to mask the ageing process.</p> <p>We’ve also seen Miranda partake in several morning drinks. When middle-age women drink excessively, we either laugh about it — <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.14082">mummy wine memes — or pathologize it</a>. This is a topic of growing concern and bringing it out of the shadows on primetime could help women who have a problematic relationship with alcohol.</p> <p> </p> <h2>Charlotte</h2> <p>Charlotte resumes her role as the well-meaning, emotional and out-of-touch musketeer. Her character is shown parenting two very different daughters, one who may be non-binary. The challenges that this presents are worth examining given the <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2019.1650799">increasing visibility of transgender and gender-diverse children in the public sphere</a>.</p> <p>Charlotte is also depicted pressuring Carrie to attend one of her daughter’s piano recitals at the prestigious Manhattan School of Music. She repeats the name of the musical academy so many times it’s no longer a semi-funny classic Charlotte move but a bloated display of class privilege.</p> <p>Her new friendship with Lisa Todd Wexley, played by accomplished Black actor Nicole Ari Parker, is also problematic. Instead of exploring the dynamics of racialized friendships, Wexley’s character is lauded for being on <em>Vogue</em>‘s best-dressed list. She’s <a href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2021-12-10/nicole-ari-parker-sex-and-the-city-and-just-like-that-black-girlfriends">even called “Black Charlotte</a>,” which is racist and drains the character of any attributes of her own.</p> <h2>Carrie</h2> <p>Seeing Carrie behind the computer screen reminds me that she has an occupation — other than being on a podcast beyond her generational reach. She’s the white cis woman on the podcast, amongst a team of racialized and non-binary hosts. Carrie appears to be there to “represent” white women, but the idea that such a representation is needed smacks of dated racialized privilege or <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549420985852">what feminist scholars call “political whiteness”</a>.</p> <p>When Carrie is asked to join sexy, confessional dialogue in a meaningful way on the podcast she is shocked. But how could someone be shocked who, decades earlier, called out the orgasm gap way before anyone else?</p> <p>It was pretty revolutionary, as Jordin Wiggins, founder of The Pleasure Collective discusses in her book <a href="https://www.thepleasurecollective.com/"><em>The Pink Canary</em></a>. Women in mid-life don’t need pearl-clutching when it comes to talking about sexuality, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5903159/">we need to see women owning their desire and using their erotic voice</a>.</p> <h2>Closets to climb back into</h2> <p>As I watched Miranda, Charlotte and Carrie stroll around in expensive clothes with beautifully coiffed hair and Music School memberships I was struck by the stain of their white richness.</p> <p>I used to relate to them when they were struggling in their careers and relationships, but now in their palatial New York City apartments with massive walk-in closets, it doesn’t feel right.</p> <p>The uptake of shows like <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2021/dec/14/maid-the-bleak-humour-of-netflixs-hit-show-rings-true-to-victims-and-thats-not-all-it-gets-right"><em>Maid</em></a>, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DTjlurdbNnw"><em>I May Destroy You</em></a> and <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hd2ldTR-WpI"><em>Sex Education</em></a> demonstrate what viewing audiences want to see. <a href="https://socialsciences.ucla.edu/hollywood-diversity-report-2021/">They want to see themselves</a> in their socio-economic, racialized and embodied diversity.</p> <p>Just like the crumbling patriarchy, the reign of the white, cis, hetero woman is coming to an end as the predominant representation of “women.” It’s far from the only kind of show that sells.</p> <p>The old version of SATC not only reflected our society at the time, but it also helped change it in a lot of ways. Will the ladies of the Upper East Side ever step up their Blahniks?<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/173722/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/treena-orchard-752204">Treena Orchard</a>, Associate Professor, School of Health Studies, <em><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/western-university-882">Western University</a></em></span></p> <p>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/sex-and-the-city-reboot-is-more-groan-than-groove-and-misses-the-mark-173722">original article</a>.</p> <p><em>Image: HBO Max</em></p>

TV