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The BMI isn’t all its cracked up to be

<p>The obsession people have with weight is nothing new. But as the relationship between science and weight evolves, health professionals are increasingly advocating for a shift away from one of the most often used tools as an individual measure of health.</p> <div class="copy"> <p>The Body Mass Index – or BMI – has been used for the past half century as a standard measurement tool for weight and obesity. It’s calculated by dividing a person’s weight in kilograms by the square of their height in metres.</p> <p>This produces a figure which is indexed on a spectrum of weight ranges. A BMI below 18.5 is considered underweight, above 25 is overweight, and above 30 is obese.</p> <p>The latest episode of <em>Debunks</em>, a new podcast from Cosmos, investigates how useful the BMI actually is for assessing health.</p> <p>Health advocacy bodies, health insurers and government departments all make reference to the BMI as being a globally recognised standard for weight classification.</p> <p>Most – but not all – <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/health/bmi-overweight-obese-healthy-deaths/">acknowledge that the tool is imperfect</a>. Its <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/health/body-and-mind/body-mass-index-miscalculation/">simple arithmetic</a> is based on a system devised by 19th-century Belgian mathematician Adolphe Quetelet, who was an early pioneer of the social sciences and the use of data to understand human trends.</p> <p>The so-called ‘Quetelet Index’ was first described in 1832 as a means of trying to identify a calculation for the average man, first by conducting cross-sectional studies of infants and then adults.</p> <p>The need to consider weight as an indicator for health, mortality and morbidity, saw scientists trial several measurements before settling on Quetelet’s formula and rebranding it as the BMI in 1972.</p> <p>The problem? The BMI was largely based on studies of Anglo-Saxon populations. This is one of the biggest limitations often recognised by health groups. The Australian Department of Health, for instance, notes that a healthy BMI range is generally lower for people of Asian backgrounds, and higher for those of Polynesian backgrounds.</p> <p>But ethnicity isn’t the only limiting factor. Age and pregnancy status also play a part. Even athletes with more lean muscle (which weighs more than fat) might also find the standard BMI doesn’t capture their health status accurately.</p> <p>Diets and lifestyles have also shifted from the 19th century Belgian standard, and even from those of 50 years ago. Health professionals have long supported a shift away from the BMI being used as a rolled gold indicator of individual health, and medical professionals are beginning to take a wider view of patient health.</p> <p>“There has been a recent change in the position from the [US] National Academies of Nutrition and Dietetics surrounding BMI and there are shifts in the guidelines around BMI for medical diagnosis,” Dr Emma Beckett, a molecular nutritionist at the University of Newcastle, tells <em>Debunks</em>.</p> <p>The same goes for other measurements like waist-to-hip ratios and waist circumference. These metrics are often used by researchers conducting large population studies, but they don’t necessarily explain a person’s ‘health picture’.</p> <p>“Because we measure them in so many of our research studies, people mistakenly believe they are the most important markers of health and it’s just not true. Health is so much more complicated,” Beckett says.</p> <p>“The ‘normal’ [BMI] category is the one with the lowest health risks, but it doesn’t mean being in that category means you have no health risks and it doesn’t mean if you just get yourself into that category and change nothing else, there are no health risks.”</p> <p>On the latest series of Debunks, a podcast from Cosmos and 9Podcasts, find out how weight – and measurements like the BMI – are much more complicated than they might seem.</p> <p><iframe title="Weight: Should you care about your BMI?" src="https://omny.fm/shows/debunks/weight-should-you-care-about-your-bmi/embed" width="100%" height="180" frameborder="0"></iframe></p> <div><em>Image credits: Shutterstock</em></div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; padding-top: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-bottom: 20px;"><em><a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/health/body-and-mind/the-bmi-isnt-all-its-cracked-up-to-be/">This article</a> was originally published on <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com">Cosmos Magazine</a> and was written by <a href="null">Cosmos</a>. </em></div> </div>

Body

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The body mass index can’t tell us if we’re healthy. Here’s what we should use instead

<p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/rachael-jefferson-buchanan-297850">Rachael Jefferson-Buchanan</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/charles-sturt-university-849">Charles Sturt University</a></em></p> <p>We’ve known for some time the <a href="https://theconversation.com/using-bmi-to-measure-your-health-is-nonsense-heres-why-180412">body mass index (BMI) is an inaccurate measuring stick</a> for assessing someone’s weight and associated health. But it continues to be the go-to tool for medical doctors, population researchers and personal trainers.</p> <p>Why is such an imperfect tool still being used, and what should we use instead?</p> <h2>First, what is BMI?</h2> <p>BMI is an internationally recognised screening method for sorting people into one of four weight categories: underweight (BMI less than 18.5), normal weight (18.5 to 24.9), overweight (25.0 to 29.9) or obese (30 or greater).</p> <p>It’s a value <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/index.html">calculated</a> by a measure of someone’s mass (weight) divided by the square of their height.</p> <h2>Who invented BMI?</h2> <p>Belgian mathematician <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolphe-Quetelet">Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet</a> (1796-1874) devised the BMI in 1832, as a mathematical model to chart the average Western European man’s <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17890752/">physical characteristics</a>.</p> <p>It was initially called the <a href="https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-au/professional/multimedia/clinical-calculator/body-mass-index-quetelets-index">Quetelet Index</a> and was never meant to be used as a medical assessment tool. The Quetelex Index was renamed the “body mass index” in 1972.</p> <h2>What’s wrong with the BMI?</h2> <p>Using a mathematical formula to give a full picture of someone’s health is just not possible.</p> <p>The BMI <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/adult_bmi/index.html">does not measure excess body fat</a>, it just measures “excess” weight. It does not distinguish between excess body fat or bone mass or musculature, and does not interpret the distribution of fat (which <em>is</em> a <a href="https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/abdominal-fat-and-what-to-do-about-it">predictor</a> of health, including type 2 diabetes, metabolic disorders, and heart disease).</p> <p>It also cannot tell the difference between social variables such as sex, age, and ethnicity. Given Quetelet’s formula used only Western European men, the findings are not appropriate for many other groups, including non-European ethnicities, post-menopausal women and pregnant women.</p> <p>The medical profession’s <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37432007/">overreliance on BMI</a> may be <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2930234/">harming patients’ health</a> as it ignores much of what makes us healthy and focuses only on mass.</p> <h2>What should we use instead?</h2> <p>Rather than seeing BMI as the primary diagnostic test for determining a person’s health, it should be used in conjunction with other measures and considerations.</p> <p>Since researchers know belly fat around our vital organs carries the most <a href="https://www.bmj.com/content/370/bmj.m3324">health risk</a>, <a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity-prevention-source/obesity-definition/how-to-measure-body-fatness/">waist circumference</a>, waist-to-hip ratio or waist-to-height ratio offer more accurate measurements of health.</p> <p><strong>Waist circumference</strong>: is an effective measure of fat distribution, particularly for athletes who carry less fat and more muscle. It’s most useful as a predictor of health when <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7027970/">combined with the BMI</a>. Waist circumference should be less than 94cm for men and 80cm for women for <a href="https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/bundles/your-heart/waist-measurement">optimal health</a>, as measured from halfway between the bottom of your ribs and your hip bones.</p> <p><strong>Waist-to-hip ratio</strong>: calculates the proportion of your body fat and how much is stored on your waist, hips, and buttocks. It’s the waist measurement divided by hip measurement and according to the World Health Organisation it should be <a href="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44583/9789241501491_eng.pdf;jsessionid=A119D165CFFF5E7B5BDBD51D9DD25684?sequence=1">0.85 or less for women, and 0.9 or less in men</a> to reduce health risks. It’s especially beneficial in predicting health outcomes in <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40200-021-00882-4">older people</a>, as the ageing process alters the body proportions on which BMI is founded. This is because fat mass increases and muscle mass decreases with age.</p> <p><strong>Waist-to-height ratio</strong>: is height divided by waist circumference, and it’s <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/news/article/keep-the-size-of-your-waist-to-less-than-half-of-your-height-updated-nice-draft-guideline-recommends">recommended</a> a person’s waist circumference be kept at less than half their height. Some studies have found this measure is <a href="https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/6/3/e010159">most strongly correlated</a> with health predictions.</p> <p>Body composition and body fat percentage can also be calculated through <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a1A9m0wO17g">skinfold measurement tests</a>, by assessing specific locations on the body (such as the abdomen, triceps or quadriceps) with skin callipers.</p> <p>Additional ways to gauge your heart health include asking your doctor to monitor your cholesterol and blood pressure. These more formal tests can be combined with a review of lifestyle, diet, physical activity, and family medical history.</p> <h2>What makes us healthy apart from weight?</h2> <p>A diet including whole grains, low fat protein sources such as fish and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legume">legumes</a>, eggs, yoghurt, cheese, milk, nuts, seeds, and plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/in-depth/heart-healthy-diet/art-20047702">reduces our risk</a> of heart and vessel disease.</p> <p>Limiting <a href="https://www.foodstandards.gov.au/consumer/generalissues/Pages/processed-foods.aspx">processed food</a> and sugary snacks, as well as <a href="https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/healthy+living/healthy+eating/healthy+eating+tips/eat+less+saturated+and+trans+fats">saturated and trans fats</a> can help us with weight management and ward off diet-related illnesses.</p> <p>Being physically active most days of the week improves general health. This <a href="https://www.health.gov.au/topics/physical-activity-and-exercise/physical-activity-and-exercise-guidelines-for-all-australians">includes</a> two sessions of strength training per week, and 2.5 to five hours of moderate cardio activity or 1.25 to 2.5 hours of vigorous cardio activity.</p> <p>Weight is just one aspect of health, and there are much better measurements than BMI.<img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/211190/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /></p> <p><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/rachael-jefferson-buchanan-297850"><em>Rachael Jefferson-Buchanan</em></a><em>, Lecturer in Human Movement Studies (Health and PE) and Creative Arts, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/charles-sturt-university-849">Charles Sturt University</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/the-body-mass-index-cant-tell-us-if-were-healthy-heres-what-we-should-use-instead-211190">original article</a>.</em></p>

Body

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"We strongly object": Cruise line passengers witness mass whale hunt

<p dir="ltr">A cruise line has apologised to over 1,000 passengers who witnessed a gruesome whale killing while their ship was docking at a port.</p> <p dir="ltr">Ambassador Cruise Lines confirmed on Thursday that the arrival of their ship Ambition in Torshavn in the Faroe Islands - located between Scotland, Iceland and Norway in the North Atlantic - had coincided “with the culmination of a hunt of 40+ pilot whales in the port area.”</p> <p dir="ltr">“We were incredibly disappointed that this hunt occurred at the time that our ship was in port. We strongly object to this outdated practice, and have been working with our partner, ORCA, a charity dedicated to studying and protecting whales, dolphins and porpoises in UK and European waters, to encourage change since 2021,” Ambassador said following the arrival of their ship in the Torshavn port area on the southern part of the main island.</p> <p dir="ltr">Communities in the Faroe Islands have been hunting pilot whales in the area for centuries, as many partake in the cultural tradition, known as grindadráp, to harvest the whale's meat which is an integral part of the local diet.</p> <p dir="ltr">As such, the government of the Faroe Islands issued a statement in rebuttal, reiterating their clear stance on the historical practice of whale hunting.</p> <p dir="ltr">“As has been the case for centuries, whaling still occurs in the Faroe Islands today,” a statement from the government said, on behalf of the estimated 53,000 people on the island, explaining the values of the whaling hunt.</p> <p dir="ltr">“The Faroese have eaten pilot whale meat and blubber since they first settled the islands over a millenia ago. Today, as in times past, the whale drive is a community activity open to all, while also well organised on a community level and regulated by national laws.”</p> <p dir="ltr">The Faroe Island’s government said that the hunt is part of the island’s sustainability efforts and that “the meat and blubber from the hunt is distributed equally among those who have participated … Hunting and killing methods have been improved to ensure as little harm to the whales as possible. All hunters must now obtain a hunting license in order to kill a whale.”</p> <p dir="ltr">In their apology, Ambassador said that sustainability is one of the cruise line’s “core values”, and that the company fully appreciates that “witnessing this local event would have been distressing for the majority of guests onboard. Accordingly, we would like to sincerely apologise to them for any undue upset.”</p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p>

Travel Trouble

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“I want my younger body back”: Finding a way to fight age’s decay

<p>I’m turning 50 next year. Like any major milestone in life, that presents an opportunity to reflect on what’s behind and what’s ahead. On the long list of creeping “changes” I’d begun to notice about myself – both mental and physical – one that leapt out every time I looked in the mirror was a strange sense of … shrinking.</p> <p>It’s possible this was an issue I was hyper aware of, having seen it in my father. You watch the shoulders vanish, the hair disappear, the neck thin out. You think nothing of it – nothing overly negative, anyway; it’s just the graceful march of time after all – but all the same, it registers on some level. </p> <p>Dad passed away from a type of motor neurone disease called progressive supranuclear palsy at the age of 72, the effects of which could be seen for quite a few years before the end. He was always a very active, sporty and outdoors guy. Loved golf. Dominated on a tennis court. Was weirdly skilled with a frisbee, and quietly the most proud of that for some reason. </p> <p>All of those take dexterity, finesse and physicality, the very things that vanish first when you are in the grip of progressive supranuclear palsy. He swung his last club and racquet, and made his last tricky behind-the-back frisbee throw, many years before he would have wanted.       </p> <p>So that’s the backdrop – and clearly the motivation – to all of this. In my mind now I’ve got potentially the same fate in store. Intellectually I know that’s not how it works, but you can’t tell your emotional self that. Whether or not PSP or MND is in my future is not something I can control, and that creates fear.   </p> <p>So, obviously, taking control over what you CAN control is the only sensible course. Which brings us back to the mirror. </p> <p>I’d been noticing this shrinking for some time – an overall diminishing of muscle mass in the shoulders, arms and legs – so I decided to look it up. </p> <p>Turns out, at least according to <a href="https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/preserve-your-muscle-mass" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Harvard Medical School</a>, that “age-related muscle loss, called sarcopenia, is a natural part of ageing. After age 30, you begin to lose as much as 3% to 5% per decade. Most men will lose about 30% of their muscle mass during their lifetimes.”</p> <p>Thirty percent! That’s pretty grim news. </p> <p>But all is not lost, as it also turns out that’s mostly reversible – through a little basic resistance and weight training and upping your protein intake. </p> <p>Since I was a little frightened of heading into a crowded gym during these pandemic times, I also decided I wanted something I could do from the safety and convenience of home – and that’s when fate intervened in the form of the <a href="https://www.onepeloton.com.au/guide" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Peloton Guide</a>.</p> <p><img src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/2022/08/Peloton_1280_setup.jpg" alt="" width="1280" height="720" /></p> <p>I’d only ever heard of the <a href="https://www.onepeloton.com.au/bikes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Peloton exercise bikes</a> before, but this clever new gadget essentially turns your TV into a home gym, which I found to be very impressive and a great idea. You take the Peloton Guide camera, clip it either to the top of your screen or place it at the base, and then after walking you through a series of very simple set-up steps, you can suddenly see YOURSELF in one half of the TV, while your virtual or pre-recorded class instructor appears on the other half and takes you through a workout, step by step. </p> <p>It’s basically like having an expert, one-on-one personal trainer right there in your home whenever you want, for any kind of workout you can possibly conceive of. </p> <p><a href="https://www.onepeloton.com.au/digital/checkout/digital-30d" target="_blank" rel="noopener">There’s an app</a> that contains a list of all the available workouts and exercises, all of which are designed to suit different ages and fitness levels so you can increase muscle mass while building stronger bones to reduce injury risk. There are warm-up classes, ones using dumbbell weights, others using just your own bodyweight, upper body, lower body, full-body, prenatal classes (I skipped those), resistance band classes, pilates classes, yoga sessions and load, loads more.</p> <p>Aside from being incredibly easy to use and a lot of fun, I found the classes to be highly motivating – and that’s the key right there. For some reason having that virtual instructor right there in front of you, showing you exactly how to perform each exercise, giving you encouragement and urging you on, really helps you try your hardest and even look forward to the next class. </p> <p>There are all kinds of other benefits, including free delivery, a <a href="https://www.onepeloton.com.au/home-trial" target="_blank" rel="noopener">100-day home trial</a> with a refund if you don’t absolutely love it, but for basically having a personal trainer on permanent stand-by in your home 24/7, I think the <a href="https://www.onepeloton.com.au/shop/guide" target="_blank" rel="noopener">rates are really reasonable</a>. Especially when the pay-offs are so great. </p> <p><img src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/2022/08/Peloton_12803.jpg" alt="" width="1280" height="720" /></p> <p>After just a few days of classes I was feeling the pain, but it was that good kind of pain you get from slowly reintroducing muscle groups to the concept of doing more than just sitting there gradually fading away.</p> <p>Then after a few weeks of classes that initial pain was replaced by a noticeable return of muscle mass and definition around the shoulders, in my legs, my arms, my calves and everywhere else that the tireless virtual trainers had directed me to concentrate my efforts.</p> <p>All in all I’m really happy with the results so far – enough to stick with it for the long term, that’s for sure. I haven’t suddenly become Arnold Schwarzenegger, but that was never the goal. I just wanted to feel stronger and more able to move around with the freedom I had felt a handful of years ago.</p> <p>I know I’m not alone in feeling like this. We recently asked our Over60 readers the exact question I had been thinking: “If you could get your younger body back, would you do it – and why?” and the responses were telling, to say the least.         </p> <p><img src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/2022/08/Peloton_1280_facebook2.jpg" alt="" width="1280" height="720" />  </p> <p>“I don't need the body that was beautiful,” said Over60 reader Merilyn O'Neill. ”But I would choose to have the strength that I had.”</p> <p>Greg Browning chimed in with this: “Yes. I am sick and tired of my body telling me that I can’t do the things I used to do.”</p> <p><img src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/2022/08/Peloton_1280_facebook1.jpg" alt="" width="1280" height="720" /></p> <p>Paulette Bakker said that “more muscle tone would help”; Lynne Fairbrother said, “Doesn't have to be younger, just stronger and then I could play tennis again”; Karen Moon said, “In a heartbeat… so l could play netball and tennis again… and this time l would appreciate it more!”</p> <p>And last but not least, Over60 reader Kel Marlow said what we’re all probably thinking: “Absolutely… because I’d probably live 10 years longer!”</p> <p>Well said, Kel. The good thing is it’s never too late to start.</p>

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"Beauty from ashes": The unlikely love story to emerge from devastating US shooting

<p>It's one of the most unlikely places for romance to blossom. </p> <p>But for Lasamoa Lanier, what was the most traumatic and devastating night of her life also became the night she met her future husband. </p> <p>On July 20th 2012, Lasamoa and her then fiancé AJ Boik attended the midnight screening of Dark Knight Rises in Colorado. </p> <p>Just after the opening scenes, a gunman opened fire in the cinema which claimed the lives of 12 people and wounded 70. </p> <p>Among the deceased was Lasamoa's 18-year-old fiancé, who died at the scene after sustaining two fatal gun shot injuries. </p> <p>Officer Cody Lanier, a resource officer at Lasamoa's high school, was one of the officers who rushed to the scene to try and assist on that horrifying day.</p> <p>Lasamoa was trying to cope with the grief of losing her fiancé, while Officer Lanier was reeling from the pain of not being able to save all those who perished. </p> <p>He also was the officer who had to break the tragic news to Boik's mother telling her that her son probably did not survive calling "it the absolutely the worst singular event I could imagine as a cop."</p> <p>For Lasamoa, she spent years trying to heal from the tragedy and found various ways to cope. </p> <p>Part of her healing included  writing letters to the police officers, who were also traumatised by the massacre, thanking them for risking their own lives while trying to save others.</p> <p>She delivered the letter to Officer Cody, and the pair decided to go out for lunch. </p> <p>What was supposed to be an hour long lunch turned into an entire evening and the beginning of a special relationship. </p> <p>"In a way, La kind of filled this gap," Cody said. "Beyond that it was just this connection. Every day since she turned into my best friend."</p> <p>"I am pretty sure there is not a thing that I want to do where she is not involved," he said.</p> <p>On October 3rd 2021, the pair made it offical and tied the knot in a beautiful wedding ceremony which Lasamoa calls the "best day of her life".</p> <p>The couple are still swept up in their post wedding bliss, as they reflect on how they found love in the most unlikely circumstances. </p> <p>"It's like a sleepover with my best friend all the time. It's crazy. Beauty from ashes, man," Cody said. "I don't know what I would do without her."</p> <p>Lasamoa shares the same feelings, as she counts her blessings each day. </p> <p>"Sometimes I stop and think about it and I am like oh you are able to find love again," she said. </p> <p>"I have been through this and been through that but life is still happening."</p> <p>Lasamoa still journals to help her heal from the trauma, and shared a letter she wrote to her late fiancé AJ on Instagram. </p> <p>She wrote, "I don't know if you had any intentions of leading him [Cody] to me, but I really appreciate you sending him to me."</p> <p><em>Image credits: Instagram</em></p>

Relationships

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Mass shooting in Copenhagen claims several lives, injures others

<p dir="ltr">Several people have been killed and others have been wounded after a gunman opened fire in a shopping centre in Copenhagen, Denmark.</p> <p dir="ltr">Terrified shoppers ran for safety as the gunman wielded a “hunting rifle” at Field’s Shopping Mall on Sunday afternoon local time, with images showing parents carrying their children as they fled.</p> <p dir="ltr">Danish police said the suspected gunman, a 22-year-old Danish man, was detained near the mall, adding that police have undertaken a massive search operation in the local Zealand region to determine whether he had accomplices.</p> <p dir="ltr">“There are several injured, and what we also know now is that there are several dead,” police inspector Soren Thomassen, head of the Copenhagen police operations unit, said at a press conference on Sunday evening.</p> <p dir="ltr">Thomassen added that a motive of “terrorism” couldn’t be ruled out as yet.</p> <p dir="ltr">“We investigate it as an act, where we can’t exclude, that it’s terror,” he said.</p> <p><span id="docs-internal-guid-306b3d19-7fff-5833-1604-8f7a2f62975e"></span></p> <p dir="ltr">Witnesses told local media that they saw more than 100 people rush towards the exits when the first gunshots were heard.</p> <p dir="ltr"><img src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/2022/07/fields-shooting1.jpg" alt="" width="1280" height="720" /></p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Shoppers were photographed fleeing the scene after the first shots were heard. Image: Getty Images</em></p> <p dir="ltr">Laurits Hermansen told Danish broadcaster DR that he was with his family in a clothing store when he heard “three-four bangs”.</p> <p dir="ltr">“Really loud bangs. It sounded like shots were being fired just next to the store,” Hermansen said.</p> <p dir="ltr">Thera Scchmidt told broadcaster TV2 that they could see “many people” running towards the exit before hearing a bang, before they fled the mall themselves.</p> <p dir="ltr">20-year-old Emilie Jeppesen told Jyllands Posten: “You didn’t know what was happening. Suddenly there was just chaos everywhere.</p> <p dir="ltr">“We were sitting and going to eat and suddenly we could see people running.</p> <p dir="ltr">“Then we first thought, ‘why do people run?’ But then we could hear the shots.”</p> <p dir="ltr">Her friend, Astrid Kofoed Jørgensen, added: “Everyone in the restaurant was shown out into the kitchen, and then when we saw out there we could hear three or four shots.”</p> <p dir="ltr">Other witnesses who saw the gunman described him as a 1.8-metre-tall man with a hunting rifle.</p> <p dir="ltr">At around 5.30pm local time, roads around the shopping centre were blocked, the nearby subway was stopped and a helicopter was flying overhead, according to an AFP correspondent on the scene.</p> <p dir="ltr">Heavily armed police officers kept onlookers back from the area, preventing locals from returning to their homes.</p> <p dir="ltr">Singer Harry Styles, due to perform at a concert venue less than two kilometres from the shopping centre that evening, took to Snapchat to share his shock at the incident.</p> <p dir="ltr">“My team and I pray for everyone involved in the Copenhagen shopping mall shooting. I am shocked,” he wrote.</p> <p dir="ltr">After announcing the show would “proceed as planned” shortly after the shooting, the organiser later announced the show’s cancellation.</p> <p dir="ltr">The shooting comes just two days after this year’s Tour de France began in Copenhagen, with the Tour organisers releasing a statement expressing their sympathy shortly after the attack.</p> <p dir="ltr"><span id="docs-internal-guid-0cc9b220-7fff-8450-4c04-fc94d9aff89a"></span></p> <p dir="ltr">“The entire caravan of the Tour de France sends its sincerest condolences to the victims and their families,” it said.</p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Image: Getty Images</em></p>

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10-year-old arrested for threatening to carry out mass shooting

<p>A 10-year-old boy has been arrested for threatening to carry out a mass shooting via text message.</p> <p>The 5th grader from Patriot Elementary School in Cape Coral, in the state of Florida, was pictured in handcuffs and being walked to a police car on Saturday evening.</p> <p>He was interviewed and charged with making a written threat to conduct a mass shooting, coming just days after 19 children and two of their teachers were killed in a mass shooting in Texas.</p> <p>“This student’s behaviour is sickening, especially after the recent tragedy in Uvalde, Texas,” Lee County Sheriff Carmine Marceno said in a statement.</p> <p>“Right now is not the time to act like a little delinquent. It’s not funny. This child made a fake threat, and now he’s experiencing real consequences.”</p> <p>The sheriff’s office’s School Threat Enforcement Team was tipped off about the message and quick to act.</p> <p>“Making sure our children are safe is paramount,” Sheriff Macreno said.</p> <p>"My team didn’t hesitate one second, not one second, to investigate this threat.”</p> <p>While police in Texas were on the scene within minutes of the shooting at Robb Elementary School, officers have come under fire for waiting almost 80 minutes to enter the classroom and kill gunman Salvador Ramos.</p> <p>The Texas Department of Public Safety has since admitted that law enforcement’s response fell disastrously short.</p> <p>“From the benefit of hindsight where I’m sitting now, of course it was not the right decision,” Director Steve McCraw said on the delay.</p> <p><em>Image: Lee County Sheriff's office </em></p>

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What caused the deadly scenes at Astroworld

<p><em><strong>Warning: This story contains graphic content which may distress some readers. </strong></em></p> <p><strong>What is Astroworld?</strong></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Astroworld is an annual festival held by 30-year-old rapper Travis Scott in his native Houston, Texas.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The festival, named after his critically acclaimed album, has been running for three years after being founded in 2018 (there was no 2020 show due to the pandemic).</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The festival sees young rap fans from all over the country come to enjoy their favourite artists, but the 2021 event was vastly different to the years prior. </span></p> <p><strong>What happened?</strong></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">On the first night of the festival on Friday night in Houston, the festival began with over an estimated 50,000 people in attendance. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">During the course of the evening as Travis Scott took to the stage as the final performer of the night, the crowd began to be crushed by each other. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Fans were squeezed in so tightly between other festival-goers and a series of barricades that they could not breathe or move their arms. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">As fans started to jump around and dance to the music, people began to fall to the ground and become trapped under a sea of bodies. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Fans became compressed towards the front of the stage, as people began to pass out from a lack of oxygen, as paramedics were unable to get to everyone who needed help due to the overwhelming capacity of the crowd.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Houston police have reported that at least 8 people have died in the mass casualty event, and hundreds more people were gravely injured. </span></p> <p><strong>How did this happen?</strong></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Throughout the beginning of the festival, people began posting photos and videos to social media of people storming the barricades and by-passing security to make it into the event. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Fans recounted their time trying to make it into the venue, saying they noticed many people come into the event who didn’t have tickets or the required wristbands to the sold-out concert. </span></p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr">As we were arriving to the Astroworld Festival at NRG Park right at 2:00, a stampede burst through the gates. Hundreds of people destroyed the VIP security entrance, bypassing the checkpoint. People were trampled. Some were detained. <br /><br />(Excuse any language you may hear) <a href="https://t.co/d0m2rjqAAk">pic.twitter.com/d0m2rjqAAk</a></p> — Mycah Hatfield (@MycahABC13) <a href="https://twitter.com/MycahABC13/status/1456704812456845316?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">November 5, 2021</a></blockquote> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr">Fans just broke through the fence to get into <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/AstroWorld?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#AstroWorld</a><a href="https://t.co/mpi70ZzTOs">pic.twitter.com/mpi70ZzTOs</a></p> — XXL Magazine (@XXL) <a href="https://twitter.com/XXL/status/1456724589560598537?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">November 5, 2021</a></blockquote> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">As fans knocked down the barricades, many got stuck under the sea of people storming the venue. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Many people believe that as people without tickets pushed their way into the show, the venue quickly rose to maximum capacity, and was filled with people at an unsafe number. </span></p> <p><strong>Why did the concert continue?</strong></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">As the majority of the injuries and deaths happened while Travis Scott, the main performer of the night, was on the stage, many in the crowd tried to start a chant of “Stop the show”.  </span></p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr">Fans urged and pleaded with Travis Scott to stop the <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/ASTROFEST?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#ASTROFEST</a> show amid the mass casualty event. He continues to sing. <a href="https://t.co/xsBdX2Ew3x">pic.twitter.com/xsBdX2Ew3x</a></p> — Drama For The Girls (@dramaforthegirl) <a href="https://twitter.com/dramaforthegirl/status/1456974764879269890?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">November 6, 2021</a></blockquote> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Due to the overwhelming noise of the concert production, these cries went underheard by the performer and by concert officials. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Two concert-goers even climbed on a platform where a cameraman was filming the event, as they tried to get someone to notice what was happening. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The young woman, Seanna, posted her detailed recount of the event to her </span><a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CV7NkBiLf3L/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Instagram</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, as another person captured her pleas to the cameraman, saying “Someone is dead in there”.</span></p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr">“There is somebody dead.”<br /><br />“Stop the show. Stop the show. Stop the show.”<br /><br />And the <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/AstroWorld?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#AstroWorld</a> show continued<a href="https://t.co/uHJKGiSosX">pic.twitter.com/uHJKGiSosX</a></p> — David Leavitt (@David_Leavitt) <a href="https://twitter.com/David_Leavitt/status/1457017187038908424?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">November 6, 2021</a></blockquote> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In her recount, Seanna said that as she desperately asked the cameraman to do something, the cameraman told her “he would push me off the 15ft platform if I didn’t get down” because “they were live-streaming the show”. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;"></span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">At one point throughout the show, Travis stops performing and says “Who asked me to stop?” before ignoring the cries of his audience and continuing the concert. </span></p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr">tw/// astroworld <br /><br />the screams for help oh my God <a href="https://t.co/W1RMyxbE2z">pic.twitter.com/W1RMyxbE2z</a></p> — ★Reena★ (@harujukoo) <a href="https://twitter.com/harujukoo/status/1457053492049285125?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">November 6, 2021</a></blockquote> <p><strong>Has anything like this happened before?</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;"></span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Yes. At the 2019 Astroworld festival, three people were </span><a href="https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/ny-astroworld-2019-three-people-trampled-20211106-ulo2z6uderci5edpsqbz7s37e4-story.html"><span style="font-weight: 400;">trampled and hospitalised</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> as fans rushed to the entrance of the music event. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;"></span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Crowd crushings have long been deadly and led to casualties, as </span><a href="https://www.rollingstone.com/feature/rock-roll-tragedy-why-11-died-at-the-whos-cincinnati-concert-93437/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">11 people died in 1979</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> as fans scrambled to enter an Ohio venue for a concert by The Who. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;"></span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">At Sydney’s Olympic Stadium, </span><a href="https://www.abc.net.au/doublej/music-reads/features/how-the-big-day-out-lost-its-innocence/11606956"><span style="font-weight: 400;">teenager Jessica Michalik died</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> after being crushed in a mosh pit at the Big Day Out festival in 2001. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;"></span></p> <p><strong>What now?</strong><span style="font-weight: 400;"></span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Houston officials are investigating the events that led to the devastating concert, as Travis Scott says he is “absolutely devastated” by what happened at Astroworld. </span></p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr"><a href="https://t.co/ijXKslw7E2">pic.twitter.com/ijXKslw7E2</a></p> — TRAVIS SCOTT (@trvisXX) <a href="https://twitter.com/trvisXX/status/1457018948109705217?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">November 6, 2021</a></blockquote> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Following the deaths of 8 people, the second day of Astroworld was cancelled and the investigation remains ongoing. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;"></span></p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Image credits: Getty Images / Twitter</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"></span></p>

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Body mass index miscalculation

<div> <div class="copy"> <p>For the first time in my life, to my horror, I noticed I had developed a spare tyre, so I put myself on a diet to get rid of it.</p> <p>It was a very simple diet: eat less. I lost 7 kg in three weeks and I looked trim. Bouncing triumphantly off the scales one morning, I decided to check my body mass index (BMI).</p> <p>To my great surprise, with a BMI of 24.1, I was at the high end of ‘normal’, <a rel="noopener" href="http://www.health.gov.au/internet/healthyactive/publishing.nsf/Content/healthy-weight" target="_blank">defined as between 18.5 and 24.9</a>. The charts told me I could lose another <span style="font-family: inherit;">20 kg and still be normal, but that would leave me skin and bones.</span></p> <p>It naturally got me wondering: how scientific is the body mass index (BMI)?</p> <p>It may be a <a rel="noopener" href="https://academic.oup.com/ndt/article/23/1/47/1923176" target="_blank">188-year-old staple of health statistics</a>, but modern health professionals have documented many flaws.</p> <p>For starters, the BMI doesn’t distinguish whether body weight comes from fat or muscle, so Michelin Man and the Terminator might have the same BMI despite their very obvious differences in fat and muscle distribution.</p> <p>Neither does it factor in other key health criteria such as age, gender or body type. For instance, people who deposit fat around their waists are at a higher risk of disease than people who deposit it on their hips and thighs.</p> <p>My concern, however, is that the BMI ignores elementary physics.</p> <p>The problem traces back to Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet, the Belgian statistician who invented the BMI in 1830.</p> <p>Quetelet failed to consider the mathematics of scaling. He defined the body mass index as weight divided by height squared.</p> <p>Note, however, that weight is proportional to volume, which is proportional to height cubed. The upshot of this is that, all other things being equal, BMI varies directly with height, which it clearly should not. (See formula below.)</p> <p>Perhaps the fault goes back to Jonathan Swift’s <a rel="noopener" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/17157/17157-h/17157-h.htm" target="_blank">wildly popular 1726 tale of </a><a rel="noopener" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/17157/17157-h/17157-h.htm" target="_blank">Gulliver’s Travels</a>. Swift’s giant Brobdingnagians and tiny Lilliputians could not actually exist.</p> <p>For example, consider a giant twice as tall as myself but with exactly my shape and looks.</p> <p>If the giant was standing on a beach with no other objects in sight, a far-off observer could not tell that he was not me.</p> <p>Because his mass would be proportional to my height cubed, my double-height doppelganger would weigh eight times more than me.</p> <p>However, the cross-sectional area of his legs would be proportional to my height squared, so they would be only four times stronger.</p> <p>Those poor bones! They would be over-stressed by carrying eight times the weight.</p> <p>My giant double would collapse under his own weight. Now create a version of me half my height. He would weigh one-eighth of what I weigh, but his leg bones and muscles would be twice as strong as they needed to be.</p> <p>Nature understands this, which is why elephants look like elephants and ants like ants.</p> <p>The BMI formula does not share this insight. It can make tall people appear overweight when they are not.</p> <p>Compared with a 152 cm (five foot) individual with a ‘normal’ BMI of 22, an identically proportioned 183 cm (six foot) person would have a BMI of 26.5 – overweight.</p> <p>Based on BMI ranges, most Australians are too plump: 28% are classified as obese, 35% overweight, 35% normal and a mere 2% underweight.</p> <p>No doubt this skewing towards being overweight reflects a genuine health problem. But it might be affected by the increase in the average height of the population since 1830.</p> <p>Fortunately for Quetelet, there were few Terminators back then to question his BMI.</p> <p>And fortunately for Jonathan Swift his satire was not questioned by an incurable engineer who would have pointed out that the Brobdingnagian giants, at 12 times the height of Gulliver, would have weighed more than 100 tonnes, with a BMI in the hundreds.</p> <p>I don’t suggest changing the way the BMI is calculated, despite its flaws, because we would not want to throw out the past 188 years of BMI records (noting that in most cases the raw data – height and weight – will not have been kept).</p> <p>Instead, we could adjust the standard <span style="font-family: inherit;">BMI numerical ranges for underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese based on height, and perhaps even gender and body shape.</span></p> <p>Then your quite trim incurable engineer could relax instead of dieting himself to skin and bones.</p> <em>Image credit: Shutterstock                        <!-- Start of tracking content syndication. Please do not remove this section as it allows us to keep track of republished articles --> <img id="cosmos-post-tracker" style="opacity: 0; height: 1px!important; width: 1px!important; border: 0!important; position: absolute!important; z-index: -1!important;" src="https://syndication.cosmosmagazine.com/?id=21579&amp;title=Body+mass+index+miscalculation" alt="" width="1" height="1" /> <!-- End of tracking content syndication -->          </em></div> <div id="contributors"> <p><em>This article was originally published on <a rel="noopener" href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/health/body-and-mind/body-mass-index-miscalculation/" target="_blank">cosmosmagazine.com</a> and was written by Alan Finkel.</em></p> </div> </div>

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Man charged over mass horse shooting

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A man has been arrested over the death of 41 horses, including pregnant mares, at a property in western Queensland.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A member of the public found the horses on August 5 at a 2000-hectare property north of Longreach.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The animals were found with multiple gunshot wounds, with police alleging the horses - including geldings, colts, pregnant mares, and mares with foals - were killed between August 3 and August 4.</span></p> <p><img style="width: 500px; height: 332.7731092436975px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7843087/68976102d91c47d75ed4dbb8efbba07f.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/2bde4707b52a4c9882a031806cde0b44" /></p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Image: Supplied / Queensland Police</span></em></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The owner of the property had been in hospital for some time prior to the incident, and was not home when it occurred.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Police arrested and charged a 49-year-old Mount Isa man on Thursday, August 12, with one count of injuring animals.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The man was refused bail and will face the Mount Isa Magistrates Court on Friday.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Detective Sergeant Allan Cook said the incident caused “great devastation” in the local community.</span></p>

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How much does COVID-19 weigh?

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The total mass of COVID-19 globally is currently between 100g and 10kg, according to an estimate </span><a href="https://www.pnas.org/content/118/25/e2024815118"><span style="font-weight: 400;">recently published</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> by Ron Milo of the Weizmann Institute of Science and his colleagues.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The article also details exactly how the team calculated the estimate.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Using the typical viral load of tissues and fluids in the body during the peak of an infection, the researchers estimated that an individual would carry between 1-100 billion viral particles, with a total mass of between 1 and 100 micrograms (between 0.0001 and 0.1 milligrams) during peak infection.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The team then calculated the global mass of the virus by multiplying the viral load by the number of cases globally.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The total number of viral particles globally was also calculated, with the researchers estimating that there have been between one hundred quadrillion and ten quintillion viral particles at any given time, assuming there has been between 1 million to 10 million people infected at close to peak infection over the course of the pandemic.</span></p> <p><strong>Why this matters</strong></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">It was also noted that, for every person infected with COVID-19, the virus particles enter cells and replicate between three and seven times. Each of these replications can also introduce mutations, though not all of them will result in new variants of the virus.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This allows researchers to calculate an estimated rate of the formation of new genetic variants and form a better understanding of how many cells in different areas of the body can become infected.</span></p>

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Close up: World War Z frames the terror of ‘loss of self’ and the threat of a mass pandemic

<p>How do filmmakers communicate big ideas on screen? In this video series, film scholar Bruce Isaacs analyses pivotal film scenes in detail. (Warning: this video contains violence and may be upsetting for some viewers.)</p> <p><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/rTkFBg2gSRQ" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></p> <p>There is perhaps no better time than now to appreciate the unique and subversive genre of <a href="https://theconversation.com/were-obsessed-with-zombies-which-says-a-lot-about-today-37552">zombie movies</a>. These films have always been great socio-cultural lenses. Night of the Living Dead and Dawn of the Dead were two classics of the genre.</p> <p><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0816711/?ref_=ttfc_fc_tt">World War Z</a> (2013), an adaptation of Max Brook’s 2006 <a href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/8908.World_War_Z">apocalyptic zombie novel</a> continues this tradition. In a pivotal scene set in Jerusalem, director <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0286975/?ref_=tt_ov_dr">Marc Foster</a> encapsulates the greatest threat posed by zombies: the end of our individuality and loss of uniqueness. The casting of Hollywood star <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000093/?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm">Brad Pitt</a> is crucial, as are the cuts between him as a figure and the invading mass.</p> <p><em>Written by Bruce Isaacs. Republished with permission of <a href="https://theconversation.com/close-up-world-war-z-frames-the-terror-of-loss-of-self-and-the-threat-of-a-mass-pandemic-145090">The Conversation.</a> </em></p>

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Andy Murray opens up about UK mass shooting

<p>Tennis legend Andy Murray has opened up about his traumatic past in a new Amazon documentary called<span> </span><em>Andy Murray: Resurfacing</em>.</p> <p>The film documents his long journey back from injury, but also touches on a certain incident in his childhood that has impacted his life.</p> <p>Murray revealed in the documentary that he knew the man who shot 16 children and their teacher dead at his primary school in 1996.</p> <p>The 32-year-old said that the shooting had been “difficult” for him and that tennis was a way he could “escape”.</p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet" data-lang="en-gb"> <p dir="ltr">Excited and proud to announce that for last two years I've been filming my (long) journey back from injury. Andy Murray: Resurfacing hits <a href="https://twitter.com/primevideouk?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@primevideouk</a> on Friday the 29th of November and I look forward to hearing what you all think about the film.<br /><br />😄🎾🎥<a href="https://twitter.com/primevideosport?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@primevideosport</a> <a href="https://t.co/IJe8QZ9YAy">pic.twitter.com/IJe8QZ9YAy</a></p> — Andy Murray (@andy_murray) <a href="https://twitter.com/andy_murray/status/1192442231795453952?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">7 November 2019</a></blockquote> <p>Murray was a student at Dunblane Primary School in Scotland when gunman Thomas Hamilton stormed into the gym, carrying four handguns and 743 rounds of ammunition.</p> <p>Hamilton opened fire and teacher Gwen Mayor and 15 of her kindergarten students were killed instantly. Another child passed away later in hospital.</p> <p>Another 15 were wounded in the massacre, which took just five minutes, before Hamilton turned the gun on himself.</p> <p>Hamilton had been an assistant Boy Scouts leader but asked to leave due to complaints about his behaviour towards some of the boys. He then organised several boys’ clubs, which Murray attended as a child.</p> <p>“You asked me a while ago why tennis was important to me. Obviously, I had the thing that happened at Dunblane when I was around nine,” Murray says in the documentary.</p> <p>“I am sure for all the kids there it would be difficult for different reasons. The fact we knew the guy, we went to his kids club, he had been in our car, we had driven and dropped him off at train stations and things,” he said.</p> <p>“My feeling towards tennis is that it’s an escape for me in some ways. Because all of these things are stuff that I have bottled up,” he revealed.</p> <p>The conversation was much too painful for Murray to have in person, as he left his thoughts in a voicemail for director Olivia Cappuccini instead of a face-to-face interview.</p> <p>Murray is hoping to make a full comeback at the Australian Open next year after undergoing hip resurfacing surgery in January.</p> <p>The injury had threatened to end his career, and Murray was planning to retire after Wimbledon.</p> <p>He told reporters before the release of the documentary that he was working on building up his fitness and hoped soon to be able to endure five-set matches.</p> <p>“I know I’ll be able to compete in major tournaments without having to worry about it,” he said, according to <em><a rel="noopener" href="https://www.news.com.au/sport/sports-life/andy-murray-opens-up-about-uk-mass-murderer-in-new-amazon-documentary/news-story/3d385c20253ba8e4eee10f205239aabe" target="_blank">news.com.au</a></em></p> <p>“I’ve played three-set matches and some long ones recently, but the best of five is an extra hour, hour-and-a-half on top of that so I’ll find out in Australia.”</p>

International Travel

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The simple outfit Duchess Meghan wore that caused mass sales

<p>The Duchess of Sussex has been crowned with being the most powerful dresser in 2019, after igniting a massive sales spike and online searches with simple-but-stylish and chic outfit looks this year. </p> <p>A global fashion search engine<span> </span><em>Lyst, crowned</em> the royal mother-of-one after scouring through more than 200 million searches online from 104 million shoppers. </p> <p>Tracking found the Duchess’ outfits triggered an average off 216 per cent increases in searches for similar styles across the year. </p> <p>The one simple item that got tongues wagging and credit cards tapping was humble shirt dresses worn on a number of occasions by the royal, including while cheering on her superstar friend Serena Williams at the US Open and official engagements on her royal tour of Southern Africa. </p> <p>“After she wore five different shirt dresses on the royal tour of South Africa, searches for the category grew 45 per cent over a month,”<span> </span><em>Lyst’s<span> </span></em>Year in Fashion report said.</p> <p>One of Meghan’s most popular outfits again was the sheer Club Monaco dress she wore while visiting Archbishop Desmond Tutu in Cape Town.</p> <p>The royal wore a black-and-white printed dress on the same day her five-month-old son Archie made his tour debut.</p> <p>The frock by Club Monaco sold out in less than 24 hours following a 570 per cent spike in searches, according to<span> </span><em>Lyst</em>. </p> <p>Scroll through the gallery to see Duchess Meghan’s most popular outfits in 2019. </p>

International Travel

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What a mass extinction is and what it means for you

<p>For more than 3.5 billion years, living organisms have thrived, multiplied and diversified to occupy every ecosystem on Earth. The flip side to this explosion of new species is that species extinctions have also always been part of the evolutionary life cycle.</p> <p>But these two processes are not always in step. When the loss of species rapidly outpaces the formation of new species, this balance can be tipped enough to elicit what are known as “mass extinction” events.</p> <p>A mass extinction is usually defined as a loss of about three quarters of all species in existence across the entire Earth over a “short” geological period of time. Given the vast amount of time since life first evolved on the planet, “short” is defined as anything less than 2.8 million years.</p> <p>Since at least the <a href="https://science.sciencemag.org/content/215/4539/1501">Cambrian period</a> <a href="https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122654">that began</a> around 540 million years ago when the diversity of life <a href="https://www.pnas.org/content/105/Supplement_1/11536">first exploded</a> into a vast array of forms, only five extinction events have definitively met these mass-extinction criteria.</p> <p>These so-called “Big Five” have become part of the scientific benchmark to determine whether human beings have today created the conditions for a sixth mass extinction.</p> <p><strong>The Big Five</strong></p> <p>These five mass extinctions have happened on average every 100 million years or so since the Cambrian, although there is no detectable pattern in their particular timing. Each event itself lasted between 50 thousand and 2.76 million years. The first mass extinction happened at the end of the Ordovician period about 443 million years ago and wiped out over 85% of all species.</p> <p>The Ordovician event <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/pala.12397">seems to have been the result</a> of two climate phenomena. First, a planetary-scale period of glaciation (a global-scale “ice age”), then a rapid warming period.</p> <p>The second mass extinction occurred during the Late Devonian period around 374 million years ago. This affected around 75% of all species, most of which were bottom-dwelling invertebrates in tropical seas at that time.</p> <p>This period in Earth’s past was characterised by high variation in sea levels, and rapidly alternating conditions of global cooling and warming. It was also the time when plants were starting to take over dry land, and there was a drop in global CO<sub>2</sub> concentration; all this was accompanied by soil transformation and periods of low oxygen.</p> <p>The third and most devastating of the Big Five occurred at the end of the Permian period around 250 million years ago. This wiped out more than 95% of all species in existence at the time.</p> <p>Some of the suggested <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018216306915">causes</a> include an asteroid impact that filled the air with pulverised particle, creating unfavourable climate conditions for many species. These could have blocked the sun and generated intense acid rains. Some other possible causes are still debated, such as massive volcanic activity in what is today Siberia, increasing ocean toxicity caused by an increase in atmospheric CO₂, or the spread of oxygen-poor water in the deep ocean.</p> <p>Fifty million years after the great Permian extinction, about <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248289771_Triassic-Jurassic_boundary_events_Problems_progress_possibilities">80% of the world’s species</a> <a href="https://science.sciencemag.org/content/292/5519/1148">again went extinct</a> during the Triassic event. This was <a href="https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783319680088">possibly caused</a> by some colossal geological activity in what is today the Atlantic Ocean that would have elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, increased global temperatures, and acidified oceans.</p> <p>The last and probably most well-known of the mass-extinction events happened during the Cretaceous period, when an estimated 76% of all species went extinct, including the non-avian dinosaurs. The demise of the dinosaur super predators gave mammals a new opportunity to diversify and occupy new habitats, from which human beings eventually evolved.</p> <p>The <a href="https://science.sciencemag.org/content/350/6256/76">most likely cause</a> of the Cretaceous mass extinction was an extraterrestrial impact in the Yucatán of modern-day Mexico, a massive volcanic eruption in the Deccan Province of modern-day west-central India, or both in combination.<img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/301159/original/file-20191111-178484-1e7unnm.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt="" /><strong>Is today’s biodiversity crisis a sixth mass extinction?</strong></p> <p>The Earth is currently experiencing an extinction crisis largely due to the exploitation of the planet by people. But whether this constitutes a sixth mass extinction depends on whether today’s extinction rate is greater than the “normal” or “background” rate that occurs between mass extinctions.</p> <p>This background rate indicates how fast species would be expected to disappear in absence of human endeavour, and it’s mostly measured using the fossil record to count how many species died out between mass extinction events.</p> <p>The most accepted background rate estimated from the fossil record gives an average lifespan of about one million years for a species, or one species extinction per million species-years. But this estimated rate is highly uncertain, ranging between 0.1 and 2.0 extinctions per million species-years. Whether we are now indeed in a sixth mass extinction depends to some extent on the true value of this rate. Otherwise, it’s difficult to compare Earth’s situation today with the past.</p> <p>In contrast to the the Big Five, today’s species losses are driven by a <a href="http://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/s5_8879.pdf">mix of direct and indirect human activities</a>, such as the destruction and fragmentation of habitats, direct exploitation like fishing and hunting, chemical pollution, invasive species, and human-caused global warming.</p> <p>If we use the same approach to estimate today’s extinctions per million species-years, we come up with a rate that is between <a href="https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/66/9/785/1753703">ten and 10,000 times higher than the background rate</a>.</p> <p>Even considering a conservative background rate of <a href="https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/5/e1400253">two extinctions per million species-years</a>, the number of species that have gone extinct in the last century would have otherwise taken between 800 and 10,000 years to disappear if they were merely succumbing to the expected extinctions that happen at random. This alone supports the notion that the Earth is at least experiencing many more extinctions than expected from the background rate.</p> <p>It would <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature11018">likely take several millions of years</a> of normal evolutionary diversification to “restore” the Earth’s species to what they were prior to human beings rapidly changing the planet. Among land vertebrates (species with an internal skeleton), <a href="https://science.sciencemag.org/content/345/6195/401">322 species have been recorded going extinct</a> since the year 1500, or about 1.2 species going extinction every two years.</p> <p>If this doesn’t sound like much, it’s important to remember extinction is always preceded by a loss in population abundance and shrinking distributions. Based on the number of decreasing vertebrate species listed in the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/">Red List of Threatened Species</a>, 32% of all known species across all ecosystems and groups are decreasing in abundance and range. In fact, the Earth has lost about <a href="https://wwf.panda.org/knowledge_hub/all_publications/living_planet_index2/">60% of all vertebrate individuals since 1970</a>.</p> <p>Australia has one of the worst recent extinction records of any continent, with <a href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9ca4/f10e7349b6618dfbbfeb118a0954ab0643b8.pdf">more than 100 species of vertebrates going extinct</a> since the first people arrived over 50 thousand years ago. And more than 300 animal and 1,000 plant species are <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/">now considered threatened with imminent extinction</a>.</p> <p>Although biologists are still debating how much the current extinction rate exceeds the background rate, even the most conservative estimates reveal an exceptionally rapid loss of biodiversity typical of a mass extinction event.</p> <p>In fact, <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12210-013-0258-9">some studies show</a> that the interacting conditions experienced today, such as accelerated <a href="http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35068-1">climate change</a>, changing atmospheric composition caused by human industry, and abnormal ecological stresses arising from human consumption of resources, define a perfect storm for extinctions. All these conditions together indicate that a sixth mass extinction is <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09678">already well under way</a>.</p> <p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/frederik-saltre-220925">Frédérik Saltré</a>, Research Fellow in Ecology &amp; Associate Investigator for the ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, <a href="http://theconversation.com/institutions/flinders-university-972">Flinders University</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/corey-j-a-bradshaw-9183">Corey J. A. Bradshaw</a>, Matthew Flinders Fellow in Global Ecology and Models Theme Leader for the ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, <a href="http://theconversation.com/institutions/flinders-university-972">Flinders University</a></em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="http://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/what-is-a-mass-extinction-and-are-we-in-one-now-122535">original article</a>.</em></p>

Family & Pets

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“They can be very noisy and even dirty”: Parisians are sick of mass tourism

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Parisians are used to tourism, but mass tourism takes their pet peeves to a whole new level. As tourists come to the country to visit iconic landmarks such as the Eiffel Tower, Saint Michel and the Arc de Triomphe, they “clog up traffic”. A local explains to </span><em><a href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/news/114402962/mass-tourism-troubles-the-residents-of-paris-france"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Stuff NZ</span></a></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">:</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">"Saint Michel is a typical location for tourists and on some evenings, it gets really hard," said Arnaldo Gomes, a 70-year-old building superintendent who's been living in the area since 1974. "There are so many groups and they can be very noisy and even dirty."</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">As France remains the world’s top tourist destination and is aiming to hit the target of 100 million visitors in 2020, the city has drawn in $147 million in revenue.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The revenue is coming at a cost. With 25 million tourists a year heading to Paris, this is ten times more people than the population that lives there.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">There are 500,000 jobs that are directly or indirectly linked to tourism in Paris, which is about 9.3 per cent of the city’s salaried workforce.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">With Parisians being less vocal about how tourists are impacting their lives, officials are beginning to realise that change needs to happen.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">"There is no 'over-tourism' in Paris per se, but there's an issue with so-called group tourism, the sort that irritates the Parisians," Jean-Francois Martins, another deputy mayor, said in an interview.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">"That's when tourists travel in packs and end up in the same iconic places, over-crowding them at the same time, such as the Eiffel Tower, certain museums and churches."</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Veronique Potelet, a spokeswoman for the Paris Tourism board, says that it’s a good thing that Paris’ landmarks are dispersed around the capital, as it makes the crowds easier to handle.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">"The Parisian territory is compact, yet attractions and interesting sites are spread across many districts that are not highly populated, so it's less of a nuisance," Potelet said.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Some changes have been made, which include the banning of double-decker tourists’ buses. They annoy Parisians as they try to deal with the bottlenecks amid roadworks to open bike lanes as well as widen sidewalks on boulevards. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">"We don't want tourist buses plying in a totally anarchic way in Paris," Emmanuel Gregoire, deputy mayor of Paris, said in the Parisien interview. "Buses are no longer welcome downtown."</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This change does little to stop the hyper-inflation that’s driven by apartment-sharing companies such as Airbnb. However, it’s a step in the right direction.</span></p>

Travel Trouble

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“A disgrace”: Calls for Fraser Anning to be expelled following “Egg Boy” response

<p><span class="CmCaReT" style="display: none;">�</span></p> <p>In what has been a jam packed week for Fraser Anning, it only continues to build as he faces increasing pressure from all sides.</p> <p>His abrasive comments in the wake of the Christchurch shooting has not just been condemned by Australia’s very own Prime Minister, Scott Morrison and New Zealand’s Jacinda Arden – it has caused fury online as well as internationally.</p> <p>The senator is now facing an unprecedented tide of public backlash that has seen over one million signatures on an online petition to see him kicked out of parliament.</p> <p>The online petition has become the largest in Australian history, far eclipsing the Sydney Opera House horse racing advertising backlash last year. The creator of the appeal has only one demand – to remove Anning from his position in parliament.</p> <p>“Senator Fraser Anning’s views have no place in the government of our democratic and multicultural country,” the petition reads.</p> <p>“Within the bounds of Australian law, we request that he be pushed to resign from his position as Senator, and if appropriate, be investigated by law enforcement agencies for supporting right wing terrorism.”</p> <p>It points to the Queensland politicians’ divisive comments made just moments after the horrific attack which killed 50 Muslim people. His statements lashed against the Christchurch terrorist mass shooting victims on Friday.  </p> <p>“Does anyone still dispute the link between Muslim immigration and violence?” Anning tweeted shortly after 50 innocent Muslims were shot dead in their place of worship.</p> <p>“The real cause of the bloodshed on New Zealand streets today is the immigration program which allowed Muslim fanatics to migrate to New Zealand in the first place,” he said in a later statement.</p> <p>Since then, the extreme far-right politician has seen the public in all its fury, even being ambushed by a 17-year-old Australian boy, Will Connolly – who cracked a raw egg over his head on Saturday.</p> <p>Anning, who was answering media questions at Melbourne airport responded by promptly slapping the teenage boy twice over the head.</p> <p>Prime Minister Scott Morrison said the senator should be charged.</p> <p>“The full force of the law should be applied to Senator Anning.” he told reporters.</p> <p>Victorian police have since released a statement, explaining Anning “retaliated and struck the teen twice” before Mr Connolly was dragged to the ground by supporters</p> <p>“The incident is being actively investigated by Victoria Police in its entirety,” the statement read.</p> <p>Greens leader Richard Di Natale told <em><a rel="noopener" href="https://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/greens-want-senator-fraser-anning-expelled/news-story/7268a950f52a3068d2924e5192616ac2" target="_blank">The Australian</a> </em>the party is looking to expel him from federal parliament.</p> <p>“We are exploring all options, including amending section 8 of the Privileges Act to allow members of parliament to be expelled by their fellow MPs.</p> <p>“While politicians should be held responsible for their actions by the voters, in extraordinary circumstances like these where there is a pattern of behaviour that is so far outside acceptable norms, we must be willing to take extraordinary action to protect the community.”</p> <p>New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Arden has also publicly condemned Anning.</p> <p>When asked by a journalist what she thought of the comments the politician made, she replied: “They’re a disgrace.”</p> <p>A GoFundMe page set up to raise AUD$2000 to pay for Mr Connolly’s “legal fees” and “more eggs” has exceeded over AUD$25,000 on Sunday.</p> <p>The site says most of the money will go to the victims of Christchurch mass shooting.</p> <p>After being released from police custody due to slamming a raw egg onto the head of Anning, the teen urged viewers to not follow in his lead.</p> <p>“Don’t egg politicians. You get tackled by 30 bogans at the same time,” he said in a video. “I learnt the hard way.”</p>

News

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How to mass delete emails on your smartphone

<p>The iPhone is one of the most successful smartphones in the world, with over 700 million iPhone’s in use in the year 2017, it’s easy to see why people love the nifty device so much. Thanks to Apple, you’re able to have the entire world in the palm of your hand. Whether you want to take an instant photo, or you want to cruise the web, the possibilities are endless.</p> <p>But every once and a while, there are features you come across that make you question why you own one in the first place. One of those features is the email system. For the longest time, Apple has made it unnecessarily difficult to delete mass messages in its Mail app.</p> <p>If you’re someone who is the recipient of spam emails, or pointless messages that clutter your inbox, then keep reading as there is a way to organise your inbox and quickly delete unwanted messages.</p> <p><img width="498" height="290" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7820166/trash_498x290.jpg" alt="Trash"/></p> <ol> <li>Open the Mail app and click on inbox.</li> <li>Once you’re in your inbox, tap the “Edit” button in the top right corner.</li> <li>Now select any message to put a checkmark next to it.</li> <li>With one finger, hold the “Move” button that’s found at the bottom of the screen, and with the other finger tap on the message you previously marked to unmark it.</li> <li>You will now be presented a new screen with the “Trash” option.</li> <li>Select “Trash” and all your unwanted messages will disappear from your inbox!</li> </ol> <p>While it can be a little tricky to wrap your head around, once you get the hang of it, it’ll become second nature. Also, it stops you from having to manually select each message and delete it one by one.</p> <p>Did you find this helpful? Let us know in the comments below.</p>

Technology

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The little-known condition affecting up to 30% of over-60s

<p><em><strong><img width="125" height="156" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/43999/kate-gregorevic_125x156.jpg" alt="Kate Gregorevic (1)" style="float: right;"/>Dr Kate Gregorevic is a geriatrician with a research interest in health and lifestyle factors that are associated with healthy ageing and recovery from illness.</strong></em></p> <p>Are you at risk for sarcopenia? Here’s how to recognise and manage </p> <p>this common condition.</p> <p>Sarcopenia occurs when there is a loss of muscle mass associated with a loss of function. This leads to an increased risk of falls, fractures and, if severe, loss of mobility and disability. Around <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4248415/" target="_blank"><strong>30 per cent of women and 10 per cent of men</strong></a></span> aged 60 and older have sarcopenia. Sarcopenia usually has multiple causes including poor nutrition, inactivity, inflammation and chronic disease. Once sarcopenia is identified there are multiple lifestyle interventions that can improve muscle function and avoid the consequences of sarcopenia.</p> <p><strong>How do people develop sarcopenia?</strong></p> <p>As we age, there is a loss of muscle mass. Muscle mass peaks in the fourth decade and from there around one per cent is lost per year. As people age, there is decreased blood flow to muscles. There are also changes in the mitochondria (the powerhouses of cells), which make muscles less efficient. There can also be a loss of the number of muscle fibres, which is particularly associated with inflammation and disease.</p> <p>There are also non-age-related factors. Poor nutrition, particularly poor intake of protein and inactivity are the two most important. Vitamin D deficiency may also play a causative role.</p> <p><strong>How do you know if you are at risk sarcopenia?</strong></p> <p>The best way to identify loss of muscle mass is by having a body composition scan called a DEXA. This uses low energy x-rays and can look at the body composition. This also measures bone density, so can also identify osteoporosis (thin bones), which is frequently linked with sarcopenia.</p> <p>The <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27066316" target="_blank"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">clinical definition</span></strong></a> of includes not only low muscle mass, but also impaired function. There are some simple questions based on everyday activities that can predict if you are at risk:</p> <ol> <li>Do you have difficulty rising from a chair?</li> <li>Do you have trouble walking across a room?</li> <li>Do you have trouble climbing a flight of stairs?</li> <li>Are you able to carry something heavy (e.g. grocery shopping)?</li> <li>Have you had any falls?</li> </ol> <p>If any of these questions raise concerns, you may be at risk for sarcopenia and associated adverse outcomes.</p> <p><strong>Why is poor muscle strength a problem?</strong></p> <p>If muscle mass and strength fall below a critical level, it can cause difficulties with simple activities of daily life, like carrying laundry. At a more significant level, it can even cause difficulty with essential activities like getting off the toilet. People with sarcopenia are also more likely to fall. Due to the association with sarcopenia and osteoporosis, this can then lead to fractures.</p> <p><strong>What can you do to improve sarcopenia?</strong></p> <p>It is important to understand that muscle mass itself doesn’t just predict outcomes like falls and fractures. Even if there is a relative loss of muscle, you can still take steps to improve strength and function and lessen the risks of adverse outcomes:</p> <ol> <li><strong>Resistance exercise</strong> – We all know that muscles can get stronger with use. This is true at any age and stage of life. Resistance exercise is a form of exercise that makes your muscles work against a force. This can start as simple exercises like standing from a chair without using your arms five times. If you are new to resistance training, it is best to get the advice of an exercise physiologist who has experience working with older adults.</li> <li><strong>Balance and stability training</strong> – While balance training won’t necessarily improve muscle strength, this can decrease the risk of falls. This can be undertaken simultaneously with resistance training.</li> <li><strong>Protein intake</strong> – In a study that looked at the effect of resistance training for older adults with sarcopenia, those who also had supplementation with high quality protein <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26864356" target="_blank"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">gained more muscle and strength</span></strong></a>. This can be achieved with supplements, but also with inclusion of high protein foods in the diet, like dairy.</li> <li><strong>Vitamin D</strong> – For those who are deficient in vitamin D, taking a supplement <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25033068" target="_blank"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">can also improve muscle strength</span></strong></a>. This will also help to strengthen bones and prevent osteoporosis. This should be taken as a low daily dose as intermittent high doses can increase the risk of falls.</li> </ol> <p>Like so many aspects of ageing the risk for sarcopenia is cumulative, which means that it is never too late to take action.  Studies have shown that even the frailest older adults can improve their strength with exercise. Maintaining independence throughout life is a huge priority for most people. Taking steps to optimise muscle health is a key step in healthy ageing.</p> <p><em>Please note, this article contains general education and should not be interpreted as specific medical advice. If this article raises any health or other concerns, please consult your own medical practitioner.</em></p> <p>For the latest research on ageing well, follow Kate on Instagram <a href="https://www.instagram.com/drkate_elderhealth/" target="_blank"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">@drkate_elderhealth</span></strong></a>.</p>

Caring