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Two countries pause Moderna rollout for youths over rare side effects

<p>Sweden and Denmark have said they will pause the use of Modern’s COVID-19 vaccine for younger age groups after reports of possible rare side effects, such as myocarditis.</p> <p>The Swedish Health Agency said on Wednesday it would pause using the shot for those born in 1991 and later, as data points to an increase in myocarditis and pericarditis among youths and young adults who have been vaccinated.</p> <p>Those conditions involve inflammation of the heart or its lining.</p> <p>“The connection is especially clear when it comes to Modern’s vaccine Spikevax, especially after the second dose,” the healthy agency said in a statement, adding the risk of being affected was very small.</p> <p>Denmark said that, while it was already using the Pfizer/Biontech vaccine as the main option for those aged 12-17 years, it had decided to pause giving the Moderna vaccine to those under 18 as a “precautionary principle”.</p> <p>“In the preliminary data….there is a suspicion of an increased risk of heart inflammation, when vaccinated with Moderna,” The Danish Health Authority said in a statement.</p> <p>It referred to data from an as yet unpublished Nordic study, which would now be sent to European Medicines Agency (EMA) for further assessment. Final data was expected within a month, it added.</p> <p>Sweden and Denmark said they now recommend the Comirnaty vaccine, from Pfizer/Biontech instead.</p> <p>Norway already recommends the Pfizer vaccine to minors and said on Wednesday that it was reiterating this, underlining that the rare side effects could happen particularly for boys and young men, mainly after receiving a second dose.</p> <p>“Men under 30 should also consider choosing Cominarty when they get vaccinated,” Geir Bukholm, head of infection control at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, said in a statement.</p> <p>A Finnish health official said that Finland expected to publish a decision on Thursday.</p>

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Can COVID vaccines affect my genetic code?

<p>The Pfizer and Moderna vaccines are set to become the mainstay of Australia’s COVID-19 vaccine rollout as the year progresses, according to the latest government projections <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-06-23/gov-projects-little-need-for-astrazeneca-after-october-covid19/100239442">released this week</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/2021/06/covid-19-vaccination-covid-vaccination-allocations-horizons.pdf">From September</a>, up to an average 1.3m doses of the Pfizer vaccine plus another 125,000 doses of the yet-to-be approved Moderna vaccine are expected to be available per week. These figures are set to rise from October, as use of the AstraZeneca vaccine drops.</p> <p>Both the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines are mRNA vaccines, which contain tiny fragments of the genetic material known as “messenger ribonucleic acid”. And if social media is anything to go by, <a href="https://twitter.com/AJ19803/status/1334476726022385666">some people</a> are concerned these vaccines can affect their genetic code.</p> <p>Here’s why the chances of that happening are next to zero and some pointers to how the myth came about.</p> <p><strong>Remind me, how do mRNA vaccines work?</strong></p> <p>The technology used in the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines is a way of giving your cells temporary instructions to make the <a href="https://theconversation.com/revealed-the-protein-spike-that-lets-the-2019-ncov-coronavirus-pierce-and-invade-human-cells-132183">coronavirus spike protein</a>. This protein is found on the surface of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. The vaccines teach your immune system to protect you if you ever encounter the virus.</p> <p>The mRNA in the vaccine is taken up by the cells in your body, ending up in the liquid inside each cell known as the cytoplasm. Our cells naturally make <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3941114/">thousands of our own mRNAs</a> all the time (to code for a range of other proteins). So the vaccine mRNA is just another one. Once the vaccine mRNA is in the cytoplasm it’s used to make the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.</p> <p>The vaccine mRNA is <a href="https://theconversation.com/what-is-mrna-the-messenger-molecule-thats-been-in-every-living-cell-for-billions-of-years-is-the-key-ingredient-in-some-covid-19-vaccines-158511">short-lived</a> and is rapidly broken down after it’s done its job, as happens with all your other mRNA.</p> <p><a rel="noopener" href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/408058/original/file-20210624-13-1w14e5y.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip" target="_blank"><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/408058/original/file-20210624-13-1w14e5y.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt="Typical mammalian cell, showing different parts, such as nucleus and cytoplasm" /></a></p> <p><span class="caption">Vaccine mRNA is in the cytoplasm and once it’s done its job, it’s broken down.</span> </p> <p><strong>Here’s why the mRNA can’t insert into your genetic code</strong></p> <p> </p> <p>Your genetic code is made up of a different, but related, molecule to the vaccine mRNA, known as DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid. And mRNA can’t insert itself into your DNA for two reasons.</p> <p>One, both molecules have a different chemistry. If mRNAs could routinely insert themselves into your DNA at random, this would play havoc with how you produce proteins. It would also scramble your genome, which is passed on to future cells and generations. Life forms that do this would not survive. That’s why life has evolved for this <em>not</em> to happen.</p> <p>The second reason is vaccine mRNA and DNA are in two different parts of the cell. Our DNA stays in the nucleus. But vaccine mRNA goes straight to the cytoplasm, never entering the nucleus. There are no transporter molecules we know of that carry mRNA into the nucleus.</p> <p><strong>But aren’t there some exceptions?</strong></p> <p>There are some extremely rare exceptions. One is where genetic elements, known as <a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/transposons-the-jumping-genes-518/">retro-transposons</a>, hijack cellular mRNA, convert it into DNA and insert that DNA back into your genetic material.</p> <p>This has occurred sporadically <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nrg2640">throughout evolution</a>, producing some ancient copies of mRNAs scattered throughout our genome, to form so-called <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41576-019-0196-1">pseudogenes</a>.</p> <p>Some <a href="https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Retrovirus">retroviruses</a>, such as HIV, also insert their RNA into our DNA, using similar methods to retro-transposons.</p> <p>However, there is a vanishingly small chance of a naturally occurring retro-transposon becoming active in a cell that has just received a mRNA vaccine. There’s also a vanishingly small chance of being infected with HIV at precisely the same time as receiving the mRNA vaccine.</p> <p><a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/408059/original/file-20210624-29-gcexgw.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip"><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/408059/original/file-20210624-29-gcexgw.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt="Blood sample labelled with HIV - Test" /></a></p> <p><span class="caption">There’s a vanishingly small chance of being infected with HIV at precisely the same time as having an mRNA vaccine.</span> </p> <p>Even if a retro-transposon were to become active or a virus such as HIV were present, the chances of it finding the COVID vaccine mRNA, among the tens of thousands of natural mRNAs, is extremely unlikely. That’s because vaccine mRNA is degraded within <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18797453/">several hours</a> of entering the body.</p> <p>Even if vaccine mRNA did become a pseudogene, it would not produce the SARS-CoV-2 virus, but just one of the viral products, the harmless spike protein.</p> <p><strong>How do we actually know this?</strong></p> <p> </p> <p>We know of no studies looking for vaccine mRNA in the DNA of people who have been vaccinated. There is no scientific basis on which to suspect this insertion has happened.</p> <p>However, if these studies were to be carried out, they should be relatively straightforward. That’s because we can now <a href="https://cellandbioscience.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13578-019-0314-y">sequence DNA in single cells</a>.</p> <p>But in reality, it will be very hard to ever satisfy a naysayer who is convinced this genome insertion happens; they can always argue scientists need to look deeper, harder, in different people and in different cells. At some point this argument will need to be laid to rest.</p> <p><strong>So how did this myth come about?</strong></p> <p><a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2105968118">One study</a> reported evidence for coronavirus RNA integrating into the human genome in cells grown in the lab that had been infected with SARS-CoV-2.</p> <p>However, that paper did not look at the mRNA vaccine, lacked critical controls and <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.434119v1">has</a> <a rel="noopener" href="https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00294-21" target="_blank">since been discredited</a>.</p> <p>These types of studies also need to be seen in context of the public’s wariness of genetic technology more broadly. This includes <a rel="noopener" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt1099_941d" target="_blank">the public’s concerns</a> about genetically modified organisms (GMOs), for instance, over the past 20 years or so.</p> <p>But GMOs are different to the mRNA technology used to make COVID vaccines. Unlike GMOs, which are produced by inserting DNA into the genome, vaccine mRNA will not be in our genes or passed to the next generation. It’s broken down very quickly.</p> <p>In reality, mRNA technology has <a href="https://theconversation.com/3-mrna-vaccines-researchers-are-working-on-that-arent-covid-157858">all sorts of</a> <a href="https://www.wired.co.uk/article/mrna-vaccine-revolution-katalin-kariko">applications</a>, beyond vaccines, including biosecurity and sustainable agriculture. So it would be a pity for these efforts to be held back by misinformation.</p> <p> </p> <p><span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/archa-fox-1153308">Archa Fox</a>, Associate Professor and ARC Future Fellow, <em><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/the-university-of-western-australia-1067">The University of Western Australia</a></em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/jen-martin-17007">Jen Martin</a>, Leader, Science Communication Teaching Program, <em><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/the-university-of-melbourne-722">The University of Melbourne</a></em>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/traude-beilharz-1240711">Traude Beilharz</a>, Assoc Professor ARC Future Fellow, Biochemistry &amp; Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, <em><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/monash-university-1065">Monash University</a></em></span></p> <p>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a rel="noopener" href="https://theconversation.com/can-the-pfizer-or-moderna-mrna-vaccines-affect-my-genetic-code-162590" target="_blank">original article</a>.</p>

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It works! Moderna vaccine found to stop coronavirus in humans

<p>A coronavirus vaccine trial based in the US will now be expanded to hundreds of people after it worked in eight patients.</p> <p>One of the first COVID-19 vaccine to be tested in humans was able to build an immunity against the virus, according to Moderna, its US based manufacturer.</p> <p>Eight healthy volunteers were given two doses of the vaccine in March.</p> <p>The vaccine was successfully able to produce virus-fighting antibodies that were similar or greater than those found in patients who recovered.</p> <p>It also prevented the virus from spreading.</p> <p>According to Moderna, it was speeding up its testing by trialling it on 600 people, after the US Food and Drug Administration approved its application to do so earlier this month.</p> <p>A third phase in July is set to involve thousands of healthy people.</p> <p>“The imminent Phase 2 study start is a crucial step forward,” Stéphane Bancel, Moderna’s chief executive, said in a statement earlier this month.</p> <p>Dr Tal Zaks, Moderna’s chief medical officer said depending on the results of the trial, the vaccine could become available by the end of the year or early 2021.</p> <p>The technology being used by Moderna involves a segment of genetic material from the virus called messenger RNA, or mRNA.</p> <p>They tested the vaccination on mice and found that it prevents the virus from replicating in the lungs.</p> <p>Humans were also used in the trial, being tested with low, medium and high doses of the vaccine.</p> <p>The highest caused fever, muscle aches and headaches, but the symptoms went away in a day.</p>

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