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How does cancer spread to other parts of the body?

<p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/sarah-diepstraten-1495268">Sarah Diepstraten</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/walter-and-eliza-hall-institute-822">Walter and Eliza Hall Institute</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/john-eddie-la-marca-1503690">John (Eddie) La Marca</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/walter-and-eliza-hall-institute-822">Walter and Eliza Hall Institute</a></em></p> <p>All cancers begin in a single organ or tissue, such as the lungs or skin. When these cancers are confined in their original organ or tissue, they are generally more treatable.</p> <p>But a cancer that spreads is much more dangerous, as the organs it spreads to may be vital organs. A skin cancer, for example, might spread to the brain.</p> <p>This new growth makes the cancer much more challenging to treat, as it can be difficult to find all the new tumours. If a cancer can invade different organs or tissues, it can quickly become lethal.</p> <p>When cancer spreads in this way, it’s called metastasis. Metastasis is <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6745820/">responsible for</a> the majority (67%) of cancer deaths.</p> <h2>Cells are supposed to stick to surrounding tissue</h2> <p>Our bodies are made up of trillions of tiny cells. To keep us healthy, our bodies are constantly replacing old or damaged cells.</p> <p>Each cell has a specific job and a set of instructions (DNA) that tells it what to do. However, sometimes DNA can get damaged.</p> <p>This damage might change the instructions. A cell might now multiply uncontrollably, or lose a property known as adherence. This refers to how sticky a cell is, and how well it can cling to other surrounding cells and stay where it’s supposed to be.</p> <p>If a cancer cell loses its adherence, it can break off from the original tumour and travel through the bloodstream or lymphatic system to almost anywhere. This is how metastasis happens.</p> <p>Many of these travelling cancer cells will die, but some will settle in a new location and begin to form new cancers.</p> <p>Particular cancers are more likely to metastasise to <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4381616/">particular organs</a> that help support their growth. Breast cancers commonly metastasise to the bones, liver, and lungs, while skin cancers like melanomas are more likely to end up in the brain and heart.</p> <p>Unlike cancers which form in solid organs or tissues, blood cancers like leukaemia already move freely through the bloodstream, but <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8722462/">can escape</a> to settle in other organs like the liver or brain.</p> <h2>When do cancers metastasise?</h2> <p>The longer a cancer grows, the more likely it is to metastasise. If not caught early, a patient’s cancer may have metastasised even before it’s initially diagnosed.</p> <p>Metastasis can also occur after cancer treatment. This happens when cancer cells are dormant during treatment – drugs may not “see” those cells. These invisible cells can remain hidden in the body, only to wake up and begin growing into a new cancer months or even years later.</p> <p>For patients who already have cancer metastases at diagnosis, identifying the location of the original tumour – called the “primary site” – is important. A cancer that began in the breast but has spread to the liver will probably still behave like a breast cancer, and so will respond best to an anti-breast cancer therapy, and not anti-liver cancer therapy.</p> <p>As metastases can sometimes grow faster than the original tumour, it’s not always easy to tell which tumour came first. These cancers are called “cancers of unknown primary” and are the <a href="https://www.canceraustralia.gov.au/cancer-types/unknown-primary-cancer/statistics">11th most commonly diagnosed cancers in Australia</a>.</p> <p>One way to improve the treatment of metastatic cancer is to improve our ways of detecting and identifying cancers, to ensure patients receive the most effective drugs for their cancer type.</p> <h2>What increases the chances of metastasis and how can it be prevented?</h2> <p>If left untreated, most cancers will eventually acquire the ability to metastasise.</p> <p>While there are currently no interventions that specifically prevent metastasis, cancer patients who have their tumours surgically removed may also be given chemotherapy (or other drugs) to try and weed out any hidden cancer cells still floating around.</p> <p>The best way to prevent metastasis is to diagnose and treat cancers early. Cancer screening initiatives such as Australia’s <a href="https://www.health.gov.au/our-work/national-cervical-screening-program">cervical</a>, <a href="https://www.health.gov.au/our-work/national-bowel-cancer-screening-program">bowel</a>, and <a href="https://www.health.gov.au/our-work/breastscreen-australia-program">breast</a> cancer screening programs are excellent ways to detect cancers early and reduce the chances of metastasis.</p> <p>New screening programs to detect cancers early are being researched for many types of cancer. Some of these are simple: CT scans of the body to look for any potential tumours, such as in England’s new <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-englands-new-lung-cancer-screening-could-save-thousands-of-lives-expert-qanda-208867">lung cancer screening program</a>.</p> <p>Using artificial intelligence (AI) to help examine patient scans is also <a href="https://theconversation.com/ai-can-help-detect-breast-cancer-but-we-dont-yet-know-if-it-can-improve-survival-rates-210800">possible</a>, which might identify new patterns that suggest a cancer is present, and improve cancer detection from these programs.</p> <p>More advanced screening methods are also in development. The United States government’s Cancer Moonshot program is currently funding research into blood tests that could detect <a href="https://theconversation.com/a-blood-test-that-screens-for-multiple-cancers-at-once-promises-to-boost-early-detection-191728">many types of cancer at early stages</a>.</p> <p>One day there might even be a RAT-type test for cancer, like there is for COVID.</p> <h2>Will we be able to prevent metastasis in the future?</h2> <p>Understanding how metastasis occurs allows us to figure out new ways to prevent it. One idea is to <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2019/breast-cancer-chemotherapy-sensitizing-dormant-cells">target dormant cancer cells</a> and prevent them from waking up.</p> <p>Directly preventing metastasis with drugs is not yet possible. But there is hope that as research efforts continue to improve cancer therapies, they will also be more effective at treating metastatic cancers.</p> <p>For now, early detection is the best way to ensure a patient can beat their cancer.<img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/219616/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /></p> <p><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/sarah-diepstraten-1495268"><em>Sarah Diepstraten</em></a><em>, Senior Research Officer, Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/walter-and-eliza-hall-institute-822">Walter and Eliza Hall Institute</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/john-eddie-la-marca-1503690">John (Eddie) La Marca</a>, Senior Resarch Officer, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/walter-and-eliza-hall-institute-822">Walter and Eliza Hall Institute</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-does-cancer-spread-to-other-parts-of-the-body-219616">original article</a>.</em></p>

Body

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Expert reveals why working parents are really parting ways

<p dir="ltr">Dennis R Vetrano Jr, a divorce lawyer who regularly provides insight into the secrets of his industry on social media, has revealed the major theme he has identified when it comes to working parents ending their relationships. </p> <p dir="ltr">In one of his TikTok videos, which has been viewed over 4.7 million times since its release, the US-based lawyer opens by asking, “do you want to know the major theme that I’m seeing in the divorce industry, as a divorce lawyer, as I do consults these days?"</p> <p dir="ltr">The answer, it turns out, is quite simple: “women are tired”. </p> <p dir="ltr">“I am seeing working mums do it all, and I am seeing the husbands step back and say ‘huh, I don’t gotta do a thing!’,” Dennis explained. </p> <p dir="ltr">“She’s got the kids, she’s got the groceries, she’s got the laundry, she’s got the meals, she’s got the work. And by the way, she’s making all the money and she’s paying for the house, and doing everything else. </p> <p dir="ltr">“‘I’m going to go to the firehouse, I’m going to go play this, I’m going to go hang out with my friends.’ That’s the theme. </p> <p dir="ltr">“And women are tired.”</p> <p dir="ltr">Dennis’ video drew in over 10,000 comments, many from women who couldn’t agree more with what he’d said, sharing their own stories and experiences with each other. </p> <p dir="ltr">“And the younger generation of women are choosing not to marry, they have grown up watching their mums struggle and refuse to let that happen to them,” one wrote. </p> <p dir="ltr">“This is why I got divorced,” another shared, to over 15.3 likes. “He then accused me of cheating! When would I have time? I don’t even sit on the couch”.</p> <p dir="ltr">“WAY less stressed since divorce. And I get nights to myself!!!” one woman said. </p> <p dir="ltr">“We aren’t just tired. We are sick and tired,” one corrected.</p> <p dir="ltr">“We get sick of the mental load,” another viewer agreed. “Having to give instructions on everything. It's exhausting.” </p> <p dir="ltr">“I'm a stay at home mom to 5 and my husband legit told me today ‘I don't go to his job and help him’. It changed something in me tonight,” one revealed. </p> <p dir="ltr">Another had something else to add to the discussion, noting that while she agreed “100%”, Dennis had forgotten “to say that the husband’s ‘super power’ was his ability to critique meals, housework, fashion, body image etc!”</p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Images: TikTok</em></p>

Relationships

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Readers Respond: What was the best part about raising your children?

<p dir="ltr">You always hear parents ask “where did the time go?” when they look at their children growing up.</p> <p dir="ltr">It’s just the same for grandparents as well as they watch their children and their grandchildren go about life. </p> <p dir="ltr">So we’ve decided to ask our OverSixty audience what the best part about raising children is.</p> <p dir="ltr">Check out some of your responses below. </p> <p dir="ltr">Trish George - The love and happiness they brought to our family was so special. Then we proudly watched them grow into the well mannered, respectful and wonderful adults that they are today. Very blessed indeed.</p> <p dir="ltr">Pam Milner - Watching them grow up to be fine, responsible and loving people, now with beautiful children of their own. Plus I got to have a lot of fun along the way, something denied me when I was a child.</p> <p dir="ltr">Margie Buckingham - Falling pregnant after years of trying, was the happiest time of my life. Teaching him how to be a loving, caring, responsible man that contributes his best at all times, it is still just a wonder to me.</p> <p dir="ltr">Denise Clare Dawson - Being lucky to share in the raising of the grandchildren.</p> <p dir="ltr">Linda Payne - The laughs we had which outweighed the naughtiness of kids.</p> <p dir="ltr">Anne Henderson - Their innocence…not having the worry and sadness of seeing them have to grapple with the trials of adult life later on…relationship heartbreak, job loss, not getting that job etc.</p> <p dir="ltr">Louise Headley Duncan - Watching them grow and develop into happy healthy adults.</p> <p dir="ltr">Zandra Burton-Scarlett - Having a wonderful man to do it with. George was the best dad to our boys. Even if he wasn’t the biological father, blood means nothing. We all love and miss you so much sweetheart. Kisses and cuddles have been sent to heaven.</p> <p dir="ltr">Maria Valsamakis - Feeding them and watching them grow strong and healthy, taking them to the beach, reading stories, birthday parties, Christmas.</p> <p dir="ltr">Patrick Campbell - Watching them turn into caring contributing members of society and wonderful parents as well.</p> <p dir="ltr">Share your favourite moment <a href="https://www.facebook.com/oversixtys/posts/pfbid0iNbcAr2Q7UdvFvRWnhLTsSx29FQEjmkBsmE7vSP35APtRtAzUd9ByN4vcWTNNoqwl" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a>. </p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Image: Shutterstock</em></p>

Retirement Life

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Readers Respond: What was your favourite part of your wedding day?

<p dir="ltr">We all love love.</p> <p dir="ltr">And what better way to know how much we love love than to recall the favourite part of your wedding day?</p> <p dir="ltr">Now tradition has slightly changed in the past few years and many don’t need a certificate to “show how much I love someone”.</p> <p dir="ltr">But that’s totally cool because it’s still love. And for some of you it took a different turn…oh well. </p> <p dir="ltr">Check out some of your favourite wedding moments below.</p> <p dir="ltr">Doreen Turner - Walking down the aisle with my father then saying I do to my wonderful husband. Now married over 55 years and still going strong.</p> <p dir="ltr">Doug Woolf - I married the love of my life, my best friend, 30 years together and still head over heels for her.</p> <p dir="ltr">Neston Cheshire - When my father asked me, one corner away from the church, if I wanted to change my mind. He also said he didn’t mind the lost money! </p> <p dir="ltr">Janice MacMahon - When my ex husbands family started fighting and the police came and arrested my ex father-in-law and my ex’s family all left. I think my father kicked them out. I should have seen the red flags and left him then. </p> <p dir="ltr">Dusty Thompson - I was ok until I said I do and then the whole thing went down the toilet.</p> <p dir="ltr">Judy Davie - My hubbys’ mates snuck out and decorated his car and when we went to leave the reception, we found they had decorated someone else’s car. I still wonder what the poor owners thought when they found it.</p> <p dir="ltr">Robyn Brown - Marrying the man I loved and still love 49 years later.</p> <p dir="ltr">Wendy Wakeham - Probably on the way to the Church in the car with my Dad, holding my hand and making sure I was sure! Married for 35 wonderful years and my husband passed away.</p> <p dir="ltr">Colleen Gambrill - Getting into my wedding dress and walking down the aisle to Ray.</p> <p dir="ltr">Pete-Les Rothwell - Saying I do and being with friends and family. Otherwise not memorable.</p> <p dir="ltr">Share your favourite wedding moment <a href="https://www.facebook.com/oversixtys/posts/pfbid022Fsi3nVomP4LvEEnYLuDe2thEodj38M5zjxY1aGnvvwnbtV8z7mWykf4HQWXb9FFl" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a>. </p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Image: Shutterstock </em></p>

Relationships

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The part of your teeth you’ve been forgetting to brush

<p>Like so many things in life, brushing your teeth is a matter of quality over quantity. There’s no point in brushing your teeth four times a day if you’re doing it the wrong way.</p> <p>Jessica Hilburg, DDS and associate dean for clinical affairs at the NYC College of Dentistry, was recently asked by the Huffington Post about the most-common errors people make when they give their mouth the old once-over.</p> <p>"Sometimes people forget to brush the insides of their teeth, the surfaces that face the tongue and the palate," Hilburg said. "Sometimes people forget these areas because we don't see them when we look in the mirror. Food and plaque can buildup in these areas so it's just as important to brush there as it is on the front of our teeth where we can easily see."</p> <p>Hilburg added not brushing your teeth long enough or using the wrong amount of pressure while brushing your teeth is equally incorrect and can ultimately be damaging.</p> <p>"Applying too much pressure while brushing could damage gums and be abrasive to the teeth," she said. "Applying too little pressure while brushing just isn't as effective and will not remove the plaque as well as using gentle pressure. (Also) just rubbing the toothbrush back and forth in long strokes will not do as good a job as the short strokes because the short strokes allow you to get in between the teeth much better."</p> <p>She added, "The 'right amount of pressure' is pressure that feels comfortable, does not crush the bristles of the toothbrush (too much pressure) and of course leaves your teeth feeling and looking clean."</p> <p>What are your thoughts?</p> <p><em>Image: Getty</em></p>

Caring

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Would you agree to ‘part-time ownership’ of your pet?

<p dir="ltr">A dog owner has caused a stir after sharing an ad for “part-time” ownership of their pet, with some calling it out as an attempt to get free pet sitting.</p> <p dir="ltr">The owner’s ad, which was shared to Reddit’s ‘Sydney’ thread, offers up a cute pooch called Tedy for an “alternate family”.</p> <p dir="ltr">"Do you love dogs but are too busy to have a full-time commitment or too much financially?” the post reads.</p> <p dir="ltr">"Tedy is looking for an alternative family. Would you like your kids to have a dog? My mum is happy to share me with you on weekends or afternoons (as per agreement) for an exchange to look after me when she is travelling.</p> <p><span id="docs-internal-guid-2eaf08b9-7fff-dcd1-9aa8-f17ef96de61a"></span></p> <p dir="ltr">"Interested to learn more? Please get in touch."</p> <p dir="ltr"><img src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/2022/10/reddit-ad-dog.jpg" alt="" width="1280" height="720" /></p> <p dir="ltr"><em>A dog owner advertising for an “alternative family” for their pooch has caused debate online. Image: Reddit</em></p> <p dir="ltr">While some Reddit users showed interest in the ad, others criticised the owner.</p> <p dir="ltr">"Next thing we know people will be looking to offer a part-time baby," one person said.</p> <p dir="ltr">"Jokes aside, this is indeed a very clever way to get free pet sitting, but also a win-win for some who would love to have a pet, but can’t afford or just don't have enough time," another added.</p> <p dir="ltr">A few came to the owner’s defence, saying that it’s possible for everyone to benefit from these kinds of arrangements.</p> <p dir="ltr">"Pet sharing is definitely a thing. It seems a bit cheeky to me but maybe everyone benefits,” one shared.</p> <p dir="ltr">"As a recently-single dog owner I would love to do something like this," a second said.</p> <p dir="ltr">One person baulked at the idea of leaving their fur baby with another family, writing: “I love him to death and I can't stand leaving my little buddy at home by himself, so I hardly go out unless it's somewhere I can bring him. Luckily I work from home and you can take your dog almost anywhere in my neighbourhood.”</p> <p dir="ltr">Another suggested that the idea could be okay if Tedy’s owners paid for his food and other supplies while they were away.</p> <p dir="ltr">“It’s free dog sitting but some people like having a temporary pet, too,” they added.</p> <p dir="ltr"><span id="docs-internal-guid-b26c3c4c-7fff-0e27-a83c-477e150c5772"></span></p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Image: Getty Images</em></p>

Family & Pets

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Your pet plays a big part in your relationship

<p dir="ltr">Have you ever stopped dating someone simply because they did not get along with your pet? </p> <p dir="ltr">According to eharmony, it’s a lot more common than you thought to ditch someone because they don’t like your furry friend. </p> <p dir="ltr">Aussies are more attracted to pet owners, as those who have their pets in their dating profile are more likely to get more interest from potential suitors. </p> <p dir="ltr">eharmony psychologist Sharon Draper said the way someone is with a pet is a strong indicator of how they would be in the relationship. </p> <p dir="ltr">“Our pets are often like our family – they see us through important parts of our lives, they’re companions through the ups and the downs, and we love them,” she told OverSixty. </p> <p dir="ltr">“So much like family, when you’re looking for a potential partner, compatibility with your pet is key for the long-term success of the relationship. </p> <p dir="ltr">“Ultimately, we would never want to end up in a ‘them or me’ situation, so it’s important to get this established early on.”</p> <p dir="ltr">Sharon said it could also help individuals see whether or not someone would make a great parent. </p> <p dir="ltr">“The research and personal anecdotes I hear show that we make assumptions about how a person would be in a relationship based on how they treat their pets,” she went on.</p> <p dir="ltr">“Whether this can be applied to how they would be as a parent is hard to say because a relationship between a parent and child is very different from an owner and a pet (despite how similar it feels sometimes). </p> <p dir="ltr">“What we do know is that pets are a fantastic indicator of values, and these values may be what a parent would instill in their child, so the two can still be related.” </p> <p dir="ltr">But what about those who are afraid of animals or are not interested in looking after one? </p> <p dir="ltr">Sharon explained that it is generally not an issue as long as it is spoken about at the beginning of what could be a potential relationship. </p> <p dir="ltr">“It’s totally okay to have different interests than your partner and animals can be one of them,” she said. </p> <p dir="ltr">“However, it’s incredibly important to be clear about your feelings towards animals and potential pets early on in a relationship so you can manage the expectations of your partner and not set yourself up for unexpected conflict later if your partner suggests getting a furry friend.”</p> <p dir="ltr">Now when it comes to what pets are ranked the highest it is very obviously dogs, followed by cats, birds, rabbits and lizards. </p> <p dir="ltr">And the pets that are absolute deal breakers with the highest ranking being crocodiles, followed by snakes, rats, possums and lizards.</p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Images: Supplied/Shutterstock</em></p>

Relationships

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Harry and Meghan may return as part-time royals

<p>Meghan Markle and Prince Harry are 'hoping to return to the UK as part-time royals' once Charles becomes king, a royal author has claimed.</p> <p>The Duke and Duchess of Sussex currently live in a $14 million mansion in Montecito, California, after stepping back from royal duty in 2020.</p> <p>Tom Quinn, author of <em>Kensington Palace: An Intimate Memoir</em> from Queen Mary to Meghan Markle, believes the couple may have plans to return to the royal fold in the future.</p> <p>When Harry, 37, and Meghan, 40, first announced they wanted to change their royal roles in 2020, they suggested they may be able to be independently financial while still working as senior members of the Firm.</p> <p>However, speaking in the <em>To Di For Daily</em> podcast, Quinn said that because Charles is more of a 'moderniser' than the Queen, he may approve of them carving out a part-time royal role back in the UK when he is in charge.</p> <p>Her Majesty previously vetoed that suggestion, with a statement from Buckingham Palace saying in February 2021: 'The Queen has written confirming that in stepping away from the work of the Royal Family it is not possible to continue with the responsibilities and duties that come with a life of public service.'</p> <p>Quinn added that an anonymous 'insider' had told him: 'Meghan and Harry believe that when the elder royals die – in other words, Elizabeth – they may well be able when Charles is King, be able to come back and be the part-time royals that they really wanted to be.</p> <p>'So that they would be six months [being] working royals and six months in the States or wherever doing their own thing.</p> <p>'That was something that Queen Elizabeth absolutely said couldn’t happen, but I think Meghan and Harry are hoping that Charles, Harry's father after all, will be more of a moderniser and will say to them, "Okay, if you want to be part-time royals, that’s fine".'</p> <p>He added that he doesn't think the couple want to spend their whole time in the States, and not be part of the Royal Family, and that despite the apparent rift, he believes Harry wants to 'find a role' within the Firm.</p> <p>The book, which many believe will contain explosive details about life in the Royal Family, netted Harry an advance of £14.7million ($20million). It is due to be published in the autumn. </p> <p>Prince Harry is currently bringing a legal challenge against the Home Office after being told he would no longer be given the 'same degree' of personal protective security when visiting from the US, despite offering to pay for it himself.</p> <p>He has said he wants to bring his children to visit from across the Atlantic, but 'does not feel safe' when visiting under the current security arrangements.</p>

Family & Pets

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The best way to part your hair for your face shape

<p><strong>Why your hair part matters</strong></p><p>One of the great equalisers in life is that we all have endured at least one hairstyle that just…didn’t work. For me, it was a centre-part bob in college that was supposed to accentuate my heart-shaped face, and oh boy, did it ever. My wavy type 2 hair fell equally on both sides of my face, and according to my generous brother, it gave me the appearance of a Lego head. Luckily, as the style grew into a lob, I was able to use the length to play around with different hair parts, and it is not an exaggeration to say that it changed my entire facial appearance.</p><p>Gen Z’ers recently declared side parts to be “over.” Perhaps they have not yet had this humbling experience, because anyone who has knows what a gift from heaven a side part can be, especially when recovering from a serious hairstyle mistake. It’s also a very forgiving type of part that works with most face shapes. But women with oblong and rectangular faces, beware: a deep side part can elongate a face, depending on your hair type, so if your hair skews straight as an arrow, it’s best to spritz a salt spray in first for some extra movement.</p><p><strong>Best part for a round face</strong></p><p>Visually lengthen your face by drawing more attention to the centre with curtain bangs, suggests hairstylist Matt Fugate. These bangs are parted in the centre and angle down to get longer toward your jawline. By leaving a bit of forehead exposed and tapering at your jaw, the eye focuses on the middle of your face instead of the round sides. “Instantly you change the [face] shape to more of a diamond,” says Fugate. If bangs aren’t your thing, try a deep side part, suggests stylist Mackenzie Day. Creating more volume at the top of your head will make your face seem longer.</p><p><strong>Best part for round with textured </strong></p><p>If you’re looking to use hair as an optical illusion to make your face appear slimmer, one definite no-no is having too many layers when sporting a middle part. Those layers will add volume, rather than elongate. If your hair type is a temperamental 2, celebrity stylist Larry Sims reminds us to first “check the weather before you invest in a blowout.” For dry, sunny days, rock a middle part with straight hair, but on a rainy or humid day, “lean into your natural hair” while opting for a deep side part to create a stylised look.</p><p><strong>Best part for an oval face</strong></p><p>A centred hair part can highlight any asymmetry in your face, but a deep or slightly off-centre part will look flattering, says Day. Women with oval face shapes can also take advantage of the fact that they can pull off tricky looks, like slicking a ponytail back to hide your part or trying blunt bangs, according to Fugate. “You want to do something architectural to show off your face,” he says. After you figure out the optimal way to part your hair, make sure you have the best eyebrows for your face shape.</p><p><strong>Best part for a heart-shaped face</strong></p><p>A centre part will draw attention to the middle of your face and make a pointy chin seem harsher. Bringing your part to the side, on the other hand, can create more balance for your features. “A slightly off-centre part would help create some softness in the hair and help break up the face a little more,” says Day.</p><p><strong>Best part for heart-shape with textured hair</strong></p><p>Sometimes the best way to part hair means forgoing a part altogether. For natural or Afro-textured hair, a no-part pixie is a fail-safe option to keep curls in check; just don’t be afraid to let it “morph” as the days go on, says Sims. “Start off with clean hair, and when you wake up, add oil, run your fingers through it, and allow it to be. You’ll get many more levels of different looks if you just let it go.” By lifting hair at the root for a hidden part, eyes are drawn to the heart shape’s high cheekbones.</p><p>A centre part also can also work wonders for those with heart-shaped faces and textured hair. That’s because hair in a centre part can enhance the natural flow of the face, bringing attention to the balance and symmetry of the heart.</p><p><strong>Best part for a square face</strong></p><p>Middle parts and blunt bangs exaggerate a strong jawline, so if you have a square-shaped face, keep the hair around your face soft and wispy, suggests Fugate. A deep or slight side part will help soften the look, says Day. “It doesn’t need to be drastic,” she notes. “You can create a really nice, soft face frame.”</p><p><strong>Best part for an oblong face</strong></p><p>An oblong face is longer and tends to have a wider forehead than an oval face. A hair part that swoops across your forehead from the side will create the right amount of movement and volume, says Fugate. To mix it up a bit, Day recommends a diagonal or zigzag part, depending on your hair type, to create visual interest by drawing the eye across your face, rather than up and down. But remember to stay away from a middle part, which does an oblong face no favours – it can make the forehead look extra elongated, starting from part’s beginning at the crown of the head and extending all the way down to the chin.</p><p><strong>Best part for a rectangular face</strong></p><p>Bangs or a full fringe go beautifully with gracefully long, rectangular faces. A strong, straight middle part at the crown works as an optical illusion to centre and frame the face in a seamless way before flowing into a full fringe, which evokes a playful vibe. Take Naomi Campbell’s famous fringe: her long bangs, which start at the crown of her head and sweep down to her eyebrows, keep the focus on the lower half of her face in a super glam way. This accentuates her cheekbones, jawline, and delicate chin. How can you make bangs look picture-perfect every time?</p><p><strong>Best part for an inverted triangle-shaped face</strong></p><p>“I love really strong shapes that showcase texture and the person’s features,” says hairstylist Stacey Ciceron, adding a reminder that the style should fit easily into your morning routine so that “you’re able to maintain your style on the go.” Tyra’s no-part part is the epitome of a wash, toss, and go hairstyle that looks expertly un-done in a totally done way, especially for an inverted triangle face shape. Warning: if you have this shape and part your hair unharmoniously, say, right down the centre, it can make your chin appear sharp and pointy.</p><p><strong>Best part for a diamond-shaped face</strong></p><p>If you have a diamond face shape, you have a sharp chin and high cheekbones, and your hair part should depend on how much you want to play those features up. A side part will soften your face, while a centre part will make them even more pronounced. “It all goes according to personality and style,” says Day. And one of the great things about a top-knotch hairstyle is the freedom to take your part either way, depending on whether you’re feeling cutting-edge with a straight-down-the-centre part, or a little more conservative and demure with a very flippable side part. It’s the summer, so play it up!</p><p><strong>Best part for a diamond shape with curly hair</strong></p><p>As we mentioned, a centre part can look sleek and edgy on a diamond-shaped face. Think Tracee Ellis Ross’ hint of a centre part amidst her full set of corkscrew curls. Bonus: “If you opt out of heat styles and do things that are proactive styles, like twists and going with natural curls, the style can last for days on end,” says Sims. “The frizzier it gets, the cooler it looks to me.”</p><p><em>Written by Kaitlin Clark. This article first appeared in <a href="https://www.readersdigest.co.nz/healthsmart/beauty/hair-and-nails/the-best-way-to-part-your-hair-for-your-face-shape" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Reader’s Digest</a>. For more of what you love from the world’s best-loved magazine, <a href="http://readersdigest.innovations.co.nz/c/readersdigestemailsubscribe?utm_source=over60&amp;utm_medium=articles&amp;utm_campaign=RDSUB&amp;keycode=WRA87V" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here’s our best subscription offer.</a></em></p><p><em>Image: Getty Images</em></p>

Beauty & Style

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Food can play a part of the colour of your poo and pee

<h1>Optimal pee and poo colour for your health</h1> <h2>Food, medications and illnesses can all play a part.</h2> <div class="copy"> <p>Out of the blue I passed bright red pee. I freaked, thinking it was a sign of terminal disease. Then I remembered the roasted beetroot tarts served at the party the night before – so delicious I’d eaten three!</p> <p>Beetroot, artificial colours, vitamin supplements and medications can change the colour of your urine or bowel motions. Knowing which colour changes are due to food or medicines can save you worry, or provide an early alert to get to the doctor.</p> <h2>Beeturia</h2> <p>Beeturia is the term for passing red urine after eating beetroot. The red colour comes from a pigment called betalain, also in some flower petals, fruit, leaves, stems and roots. Concentrated beetroot extract, called Beet Red or additive number 162 on food labels, can be added to “pink” foods, such as ice-cream.</p> <p>Whether betalain turns your pee red or not depends on the type of beetroot, amount eaten and how it’s prepared, because betalain is destroyed by heat, light and acid.</p> <p>How much betalain enters your digestive tract depends on stomach acid and stomach emptying rate (people taking medications to reduce stomach acid may be prone to beeturia). Once in the blood stream, betalain pigments are filtered out by the kidneys. Most is eliminated two to eight hours after eating.</p> <p>Persistent red urine can be due to blood loss, infection, enlarged prostate, cancer, cysts, kidney stones or after a long-distance run. If you see red and have not been eating beetroot, see your doctor.</p> <h2>What should your pee look like?</h2> <p>Normal pee should be the colour of straw. If your pee is so colourless that it looks like water, you probably drank more than you needed.</p> <p>Very dark yellow pee usually means you are a bit dehydrated and need to drink more water.</p> <p>Compare your pee colour to the Cleveland Clinic’s scale below.</p> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Courtesy Cleveland Clinic</span></span> <h2>Strange pee colours due to food, drugs or disease</h2> <p>Pee the colour of syrup or molasses needs medical investigation. While it could be due to extreme dehydration, it can be a sign of liver diseases such as hepatitis and cirrhosis, where a build up of bilirubin spills into your pee. Bilirubin is a breakdown product of red blood cells; it’s also responsible for poo’s normal brown colour.</p> <p>Pee can turn bright orange or yellow when taking beta-carotene or vitamin B supplements, especially large doses of riboflavin (vitamin B2). These supplements are water soluble. What your body can’t use or store gets filtered out via your kidneys and into pee.</p> <p>Medications including phenazopyridine (for urinary tract infections), rifampin (antibiotic for treating tuberculosis and Legionnaire’s disease), warfarin (blood thinner) and some laxatives can also change pee colour.</p> <p>If you pass blue or green pee, it’s most likely due to food colouring or methylene blue used in some diagnostic test procedures and some drugs.</p> <p>But a range of medications can also trigger blue or green urine. These include antihistamines, anti-inflammatories, antibacterials, antidepressants, some nausea drugs or those for reducing stomach acid.</p> <p>Rare genetic conditions Hartnup disease and Blue diaper syndrome cause blue-green urine. So see your doctor if it persists or it happens in an infant.</p> <p>You should never see purple pee, but hospital staff might. “Purple urine bag” syndrome happens in patients with catheters and infections or complications. The catheter or bag turns purple due to a chemical reaction between protein breakdown products in urine and the plastic.</p> <p>Occasionally, pee can be frothy. It’s a normal reaction if protein intake is high and pee comes out fast. It is more likely if you consume protein powders or protein supplements. Excess protein can’t be stored in the body so the nitrogen component (responsible for the froth) gets removed and the kidneys excrete it as urea.</p> <p>See your doctor if the frothiness doesn’t go away or gets worse, as protein can leak into pee if you have kidney disease.</p> <h2>Poo colours of the rainbow</h2> <p>Normal poo colour ranges from light yellow to brown to black. The colour is due to a mix of bile, which starts off green in the gall bladder, and bilirubin a yellow breakdown product from red blood cells.</p> <p>Poo can turn green after consuming food and drink containing blue or green food colouring, or if food travels too fast through the gut and some bile is still present.</p> <p>Poo that is yellow, greasy and smells really bad signals food malabsorption. If this colour is associated with weight loss in an adult or poor growth in a child, see a doctor to rule out gut infections such as giardia or medical conditions like coeliac disease.</p> <p>Very pale or clay-coloured poo can happen when taking some anti-diarrhoeal medications, or when digestive problems affect the liver, gut, pancreas or gall bladder.</p> <p>At the other extreme of the colour spectrum, black poo could be a serious medical issue due to bleeding in the stomach or upper gut. Or it could be a harmless side-effect from taking iron supplements, or eating lots of licorice.</p> <p>Red poo can also be a serious medical issue due to bleeding in the lower gut, or from haemorrhoids, or harmless after having large amounts of red food colouring.</p> <p>If you don’t know what colour your pee or poo is, take a look. If you see a colour that’s out of the ordinary and you haven’t eaten anything unusual, take a picture and make an appointment to show your GP.</p> <p>Clare Collins, Professor in Nutrition and Dietetics, <em>University of Newcastle</em>; Kristine Pezdirc, Research Associate | Post-doctoral Researcher, <em>University of Newcastle</em>, and Megan Rollo, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Nutrition &amp; Dietetics, <em>University of Newcastle</em></p> <!-- Start of tracking content syndication. Please do not remove this section as it allows us to keep track of republished articles --> <img id="cosmos-post-tracker" style="opacity: 0; height: 1px!important; width: 1px!important; border: 0!important; position: absolute!important; z-index: -1!important;" src="https://syndication.cosmosmagazine.com/?id=11561&amp;title=Optimal+pee+and+poo+colour+for+your+health" alt="" width="1" height="1" /> <!-- End of tracking content syndication --></div> <div id="contributors"> <p>This article was originally published on Cosmos Magazine and was written by The Conversation. The Conversation is an independent, not-for-profit media outlet that uses content sourced from the academic and research community.</p> </div>

Food & Wine

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Billionaires taking action on climate change are part of a long tradition

<p>If governments won’t act quickly enough on climate change, who will?</p> <p>Enter the new breed of (mostly young) <a href="https://www.bcg.com/publications/2016/innovation-strategy-how-tech-entrepreneurs-are-disrupting-philanthropy">billionaire philanthropists</a>. Their goal is to use their influence and money to push the boundaries of science and technology for society’s benefit.</p> <p>One example is Mike Cannon-Brookes, billionaire co-founder of software developer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlassian">Atlassian</a> and his partner Annie Cannon-Brooke who this month pledged <a href="https://www.afr.com/policy/energy-and-climate/mike-and-annie-cannon-brookes-pledge-1-5b-to-limit-global-warming-20211019-p591d7">A$1.5 billion</a> to invest in climate projects by 2030.</p> <p>$1 billion will be in financial investments and $500 million in philanthropic and advocacy work, with the aim of keeping global warming to 1.5 degrees. He wants other executives to follow suit.</p> <p>In the US the world’s largest funds manager Blackrock has injected funds into billionaire Bill Gates’ <a href="https://www.afr.com/companies/energy/climate-crisis-an-existential-threat-fink-20211020-p591oi">Breakthrough Energy</a>, which is using philanthropic money to accelerate investments in new technologies.</p> <p>Breakthrough has reportedly secured US$1 billion in investments from Microsoft, General Motors, American Airlines, Boston Consulting Group, Bank of America and ArcelorMittal.</p> <p><strong>In India, in Denmark, in Australia</strong></p> <p>In India, its richest citizen <a href="https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/the-aim-is-to-become-a-net-zero-carbon-company-by-2035-ambani-11594859016543.html">Mukesh Ambani</a> has pledged to take his energy giant net-zero by 2035, an undertaking he will fulfil by switching to renewable sources and converting carbon dioxide emissions into useful products and chemicals.</p> <p>Australia’s <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/16/business/energy-environment/green-energy-fortescue-andrew-forrest.html">Andrew Forrest</a> has established <a href="https://ffi.com.au/">Fortescue Future Industries</a> as part of Fortescue Metals with a mandate to invest billions in Green Hydrogen projects in Queensland and NSW and to take the mining group carbon-neutral by <a href="https://www.fmgl.com.au/docs/default-source/announcements/target-to-achieve-net-zero-scope-3-emissions.pdf?sfvrsn=195d0b1f_4">2040</a>.</p> <p>Elsewhere a Danish sceptic on carbon pricing Bjørn Lomborg has made a case for <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SEjNVWV5jbs">innovation in energy research</a> in energy research as the way to limit carbon emissions, citing a parallel from the 1860’s when whales were hunted to near extinction for oil that was used to light homes.</p> <p>He says the solution was not to tax whales, it was the invention of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene">kerosene</a> that undercut the cost of whale oil.</p> <p><strong>What’s happening isn’t new</strong></p> <p>In 1919 businessman <a href="https://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/almanac/people/hall-of-fame/detail/raymond-orteig">Raymond Orteig</a> offered US$25,000 for the first person to fly non-stop from New York to Paris.</p> <p>The prize was won by an unknown 25-year-old US Army Reserve officer, <a href="http://www.charleslindbergh.com/history/">Charles Lindberg</a>, spurring enormous advances in aviation.</p> <p><a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/428171/original/file-20211025-27-14o7oi4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip"><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/428171/original/file-20211025-27-14o7oi4.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt="" /></a> <em><span class="caption">Le Journals’ coverage of Charles A. Lindbergh’s 33 hour flight from New York to Pariswhich won him US$25,000 in prize money.</span></em></p> <p>Today, the X Prize Foundation and the Musk Foundation are offering a US$100 million <a href="https://www.xprize.org/prizes/elonmusk">X Prize for Carbon Removal</a> funded by billionaire Elon Musk.</p> <p>The prize will go to the team from anywhere on the planet who can invent a machine that extracts carbon dioxide from the atmosphere or oceans at gigatonne-scale.</p> <p>Previous X Prizes have been awarded for the application of artificial intelligence to global issues, turning carbon dioxide into useful products, developing cheaper methods of mass testing for COVID, and <a href="https://www.xprize.org/past-prizes">creating water from thin air</a>.</p> <p><strong>Horses for courses</strong></p> <p>There is a sound argument that important pledges and projects should be the responsibility of governments rather than individuals.</p> <p>Billionaires often get where they are by acting on self-interest, so it isn’t reasonable to expect them to act in the interest of the entire public.</p> <p>On the other hand, some problems are too important and time sensitive to leave in the hands of governments that can’t act with agility.</p> <p>If an individual loses their money, it’s their loss. If the government loses the money, its the taxpayer’s loss. So governments have to be cautious.</p> <p>It’s probably not a matter of one or the other. Governments shouldn’t abandon their responsibility to act in the public interest. On the other hand, wealthy philanthropists throughout history have been prepared to help.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/170463/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/david-tuffley-13731">David Tuffley</a>, Senior Lecturer in Applied Ethics &amp; CyberSecurity, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/griffith-university-828">Griffith University</a></em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/billionaires-taking-action-on-climate-change-are-part-of-a-long-tradition-170463">original article</a>.</em></p> <p><em>Image: Getty Images</em></p>

Money & Banking

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"She was NOT holding back": Former Ellen producer's parting shot

<div class="post_body_wrapper"> <div class="post_body"> <div class="body_text redactor-styles redactor-in element-type-p"> <p>A former producer on<span> </span><em>The Ellen Show</em><span> </span>didn't hold back and slammed Ellen on a breakfast talk show just hours after Ellen announced her final season.</p> <p>Ellen confirmed that she is ending her talk show after an intense year of bullying claims and toxic workplace allegations.</p> <p>Former producer Hedda Muskat said that the show's demise came because viewers have "woken up" to Ellen's true nature.</p> <p>“The viewers have spoken. Her ratings have been in the toilet for a long time now. Her show has not been fun, it has not been interesting, and she’s not really ‘stepping down’ - the viewers fired her.”</p> <p>Muskat said she was one of the show's first hires back in 2003, claiming that Ellen loved "kissing ass with celebrities" and "despised" the non-celebrity human interest guests that Muskat provided.</p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr">"She’s not really stepping down, the viewers fired her"<br /><br />Former The Ellen DeGeneres Show Producer <a href="https://twitter.com/heddamuskat?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@HeddaMuskat</a> delivers a fiery spray against the comedian after she announced the end of her long-running talk show. <a href="https://t.co/Co7wOUAkkj">pic.twitter.com/Co7wOUAkkj</a></p> — Sunrise (@sunriseon7) <a href="https://twitter.com/sunriseon7/status/1392607321293869060?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">May 12, 2021</a></blockquote> <p>“She really was not in a position to interview real people because she really couldn’t carry a conversation with them,” she said.</p> <p>“This is not ‘bah humbug’ on my end, because I just did my job and went home, but I feel that for the guests it was bad goodwill for them. They just really were not able to connect with her.”</p> <p>Ellen plans on sitting down with talk show titan Oprah Winfrey on tomorrow's episode of<span> </span><em>The Ellen Show</em><span> </span>to discuss her decision to quit, which is another move Muskat slammed.</p> <p>“Frankly, I am very disappointed that Oprah is lowering herself to interview Ellen,” she told the hosts.</p> <p>“Oprah can interview kings and queens, I love Oprah … and for her to interview Ellen, it’s like, why? Who cares about Ellen anymore?”</p> <p>The talk show hosts were left in shock, with David Koch and Natalie Barr asking the former producer what she thought Ellen had planned next.</p> <p>“I’d like to see her work on a farm where she can relate with all of the animals and the pets and the dogs and the cows and the pigs because if you can relate to animals far more than she does with people,” she said, prompting shocked laughter from the<span> </span><em>Sunrise</em><span> </span>hosts.</p> <p>“I was not able to have any connection with her, make any eye contact, and here is the thing: It’s not just me or three of us, there were over 100 employees over the 19 years that walk away with this sickened feeling about working there.</p> <p>“As much as I loved my job as a booker and producer, I was almost relieved when I got fired... I wanted to take a shower, it was like a whole new dawn. I don’t feel like she has the trust anymore of the viewers, and so I don’t think she is going to come back anytime soon.”</p> <p>Barr joked that Muskat didn't hold back, saying "she went for it then".</p> </div> </div> </div>

TV

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Greta Thunberg’s parting shot to Donald Trump

<div class="post_body_wrapper"> <div class="post_body"> <div class="body_text redactor-styles redactor-in"> <p>Teenage climate change activist Greta Thunberg has farewelled former US President Donald Trump with a clever tweet.</p> <p>Thunberg used Trump's words against him as she wrote: "He seems like a very happy old man looking forward to a bright and wonderful future. So nice to see!"</p> <p>The remark was just one of many Trump made about Thunberg in the past.</p> <p>The quote came from Trump after Thunberg's address to the Davos summit in 2020, saying that she "seems like a very happy young girl looking forward to a bright and wonderful future."</p> <p>Thunberg's tweet was a hit with fans, reaching over 690,000 likes on Twitter.</p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr">He seems like a very happy old man looking forward to a bright and wonderful future. So nice to see! <a href="https://t.co/G8gObLhsz9">pic.twitter.com/G8gObLhsz9</a></p> — Greta Thunberg (@GretaThunberg) <a href="https://twitter.com/GretaThunberg/status/1351890941087522820?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">January 20, 2021</a></blockquote> <p>As many social media platforms banned Trump from using their services, he is unable to respond to Thunberg at this time.</p> <p>This isn't the first time the two have had a war of words, with Trump claiming that Thunberg's 2019 Time "Person of the Year" was "so ridiculous".</p> <p>"Greta must work on her Anger Management problem, then go to a good old fashioned movie with a friend! Chill Greta, Chill!" he tweeted at the time.</p> <p>Thunberg sat on his words until Trump prompted electoral officials to "STOP THE COUNT" during the Presidential election race.</p> <p>"So ridiculous. Donald must work on his Anger Management problem, then go to a good old fashioned movie with a friend! Chill Donald, Chill!" Thunberg tweeted.</p> <p>Thunberg and Trump never met during his presidential term, with Thunberg saying it would have been a "waste of time".</p> <p>"I don't think I would have said anything because obviously he's not listening to scientists and experts, so why would he listen to me?" she told BBC Radio 4.</p> </div> </div> </div>

News

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Leonardo DiCaprio and Robert De Niro’s exciting announcement that you can be a part of

<p>Hollywood heavyweights Leonardo DiCaprio and Robert De Niro have announced an exciting new way that fans can be a part of the pair’s next upcoming film.</p> <p>The actors revealed that fans will have an opportunity to get a walk-on role in a new film directed by Martin Scorsese, <em>Killers of the Flower Moon.</em></p> <blockquote style="background: #FFF; border: 0; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: 0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width: 540px; min-width: 326px; padding: 0; width: calc(100% - 2px);" class="instagram-media" data-instgrm-permalink="https://www.instagram.com/p/B_AHXwEFvag/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading" data-instgrm-version="12"> <div style="padding: 16px;"> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 40px; margin-right: 14px; width: 40px;"></div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 100px;"></div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 60px;"></div> </div> </div> <div style="padding: 19% 0;"></div> <div style="display: block; height: 50px; margin: 0 auto 12px; width: 50px;"></div> <div style="padding-top: 8px;"> <div style="color: #3897f0; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 550; line-height: 18px;">View this post on Instagram</div> </div> <p style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 8px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 0 7px; text-align: center; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px; text-decoration: none;" rel="noopener" href="https://www.instagram.com/p/B_AHXwEFvag/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading" target="_blank">A post shared by Leonardo DiCaprio (@leonardodicaprio)</a> on Apr 15, 2020 at 5:44am PDT</p> </div> </blockquote> <p>“We recently launched <a rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.instagram.com/explore/tags/americasfoodfund/" target="_blank">#AmericasFoodFund</a> to help make sure every family in need gets access to food at this critical time. Our most vulnerable communities need our support now more than ever. That’s why we’re asking you to help us with the <a rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.instagram.com/explore/tags/allinchallenge/" target="_blank">#AllinChallenge</a>,” DiCaprio wrote in a post to Instagram. “If you’ve ever wondered what it’s like to be able to work with the great <a rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.instagram.com/martinscorsese_/" target="_blank">@martinscorsese_</a>, Robert De Niro and myself, this is your chance. Robert and I are going to be starring in a new movie called Killers of the Flower Moon, directed by Martin Scorsese.</p> <p>“We want to offer you a walk-on role, the opportunity to spend the day on the set with the three of us, and attend the premiere.</p> <p>“To take part, please go to allinchallenge.com and donate whatever you can.”</p> <p>All the funds will go towards charity and the winner who will get the exciting opportunity to be apart of the movie will get to spend a day on the set and attend the premiere DiCaprio revealed.</p> <p>The<span> </span><em>All In<span> </span></em>challenge which was created by Fanatics founder Michael Rubin gives stars the opportunity to auction once-in-a-lifetime experiences in order to raise money to feed the elderly, children and frontline workers struggling amid the coronavirus pandemic.</p> <p>When a star accepts the challenge, they then pass on the initiative to another star.</p> <p>Donations are dispersed to Meals on Wheels America, No Kid Hungry and America's Food Fund.</p> <p>DiCaprio and De Niro challenged Matthew McConaughey, Ellen DeGeneres and Jamie Foxx.</p>

Movies

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Olivia Newton-John shares inspiring new health movement you can be a part of

<p>Australian actress Olivia Newton-John has shared a brilliant new initiative in the face of the coronavirus pandemic, and is asking fans to make DIY protective gear as the struggle with the pandemic reaches new heights.</p> <p>The<span> </span>Grease<span> </span>star has taken to social media to share a photograph of herself sporting a chic homemade leopard print mask, and has encourager her fans to do the same.</p> <blockquote style="background: #FFF; border: 0; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: 0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width: 540px; min-width: 326px; padding: 0; width: calc(100% - 2px);" class="instagram-media" data-instgrm-permalink="https://www.instagram.com/p/B-kvciUDiaF/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading" data-instgrm-version="12"> <div style="padding: 16px;"> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 40px; margin-right: 14px; width: 40px;"></div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 100px;"></div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 60px;"></div> </div> </div> <div style="padding: 19% 0;"></div> <div style="display: block; height: 50px; margin: 0 auto 12px; width: 50px;"></div> <div style="padding-top: 8px;"> <div style="color: #3897f0; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 550; line-height: 18px;">View this post on Instagram</div> </div> <p style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 8px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 0 7px; text-align: center; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px; text-decoration: none;" rel="noopener" href="https://www.instagram.com/p/B-kvciUDiaF/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading" target="_blank">A post shared by Olivia Newton-john (@therealonj)</a> on Apr 4, 2020 at 2:29pm PDT</p> </div> </blockquote> <p>Shortages of protective equipment has been reported globally, and impacts health workers on the frontline the most.</p> <p>“We don't need masks, because health workers need them desperately and there aren't enough for the general public too!” she said in a post to Instagram.</p> <p>“Please pass this video on - let's be creative and make our own, like the Czech Republic.”</p> <blockquote style="background: #FFF; border: 0; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: 0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width: 540px; min-width: 326px; padding: 0; width: calc(100% - 2px);" class="instagram-media" data-instgrm-permalink="https://www.instagram.com/p/B8nW6hgnfj0/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading" data-instgrm-version="12"> <div style="padding: 16px;"> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 40px; margin-right: 14px; width: 40px;"></div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 100px;"></div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 60px;"></div> </div> </div> <div style="padding: 19% 0;"></div> <div style="display: block; height: 50px; margin: 0 auto 12px; width: 50px;"></div> <div style="padding-top: 8px;"> <div style="color: #3897f0; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 550; line-height: 18px;">View this post on Instagram</div> </div> <p style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 8px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 0 7px; text-align: center; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px; text-decoration: none;" rel="noopener" href="https://www.instagram.com/p/B8nW6hgnfj0/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading" target="_blank">A post shared by Olivia Newton-john (@therealonj)</a> on Feb 15, 2020 at 8:50pm PST</p> </div> </blockquote> <p>Olivia finished the inspiring message by thanking the start-up company<span> </span>Masks 4 All<span> </span>which pushes for their critical message to be shared around the world.</p> <p>The post comes amidst Channel Nine personality Richard Wilkins being exposed to coronavirus.</p> <p>The TV star has tested for COVID-19  four times in the span of a month and worried fans when he posted a photograph of himself to Instagram with Olivia and Paul Hogan.</p> <p>The snap however was taken in September 2018 in Melbourne and showed Richard, Olivia and Paul on the set of<span> </span>The Very Excellent Mr Dundee.</p> <p>Richard has since returned to his hosting duties on Weekend Today after 18 days in quarantined isolation.</p>

Beauty & Style

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Russell Crowe's figgy gift for Bindi Irwin: "You’ll always be part of our family”

<p>Bindi Irwin and Chandler Powell surprised the world by getting married in an intimate ceremony at Australia Zoo before the lockdowns came into place in Australia.</p> <p>Russel Crowe, long-time friend of the Irwins, thoughtfully gifted the newlyweds a fig tree as a wedding present.</p> <p>As the coronavirus pandemic continues around the world, the pair decided to celebrate Crowe’s 56th birthday in a sweet way by hugging the tree that Crowe gifted them.</p> <p>“Happy birthday Russell. You'll always be part of our family,” Bindi, 21, wrote on Tuesday.</p> <p>She added: “Even though we can't see you right now, we're giving the beautiful fig you gifted us a hug and thinking of you. Hope your day is extraordinary!”</p> <p>Bindi then shared a second photo of the sweet gift tag attached to the Port Jackson fig tree.</p> <p>“Presented to Bindi and Chandler to commemorate their wedding.  Love from Russell Crowe and family,” it read.</p> <blockquote style="background: #FFF; border: 0; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: 0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width: 540px; min-width: 326px; padding: 0; width: calc(100% - 2px);" class="instagram-media" data-instgrm-captioned="" data-instgrm-permalink="https://www.instagram.com/p/B-qt4W7BRyb/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading" data-instgrm-version="12"> <div style="padding: 16px;"> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 40px; margin-right: 14px; width: 40px;"></div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 100px;"></div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 60px;"></div> </div> </div> <div style="padding: 19% 0;"></div> <div style="display: block; height: 50px; margin: 0 auto 12px; width: 50px;"></div> <div style="padding-top: 8px;"> <div style="color: #3897f0; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 550; line-height: 18px;">View this post on Instagram</div> </div> <p style="margin: 8px 0 0 0; padding: 0 4px;"><a style="color: #000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" rel="noopener" href="https://www.instagram.com/p/B-qt4W7BRyb/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading" target="_blank">‪Happy Birthday, @russellcrowe 💙‬ ‪You’ll always be part of our family. Even though we can’t see you right now, we’re giving the beautiful fig you gifted us a hug and thinking of you.‬ ‪Hope your day is extraordinary.‬</a></p> <p style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 8px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 0 7px; text-align: center; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;">A post shared by <a style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;" rel="noopener" href="https://www.instagram.com/bindisueirwin/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading" target="_blank"> Bindi Irwin</a> (@bindisueirwin) on Apr 6, 2020 at 10:11pm PDT</p> </div> </blockquote> <p>Fans were quick to praise Crowe’s unique wedding gift to the newlyweds.</p> <p>“What an Amazingly thoughtful gift. The gift that keeps giving. Anniversary after anniversary. I’d take pictures of that tree it’s kinda symbolic it changes as it grows as will your marriage,” one fan wrote.</p> <p>The newlyweds tied the knot in front of only three people at the zoo, with Bindi’s mother Terri, brother Robert and Steve’s best friend Wes Mannion in attendance.</p>

Home & Garden

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Virgin Australia flight diverts after part of wing comes loose mid-flight

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A passenger on board a Virgin Australia flight has described the shocking moment the lower flat on the plane’s left hand wing came loose and started blowing in the wind.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The flight took off from Brisbane Airport for Melbourne just before 6pm and was diverted mid-air back to Brisbane due to an “engineering issue”. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Bill Mauger was travelling with his wife and noticed the issue soon after take-off. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">"As we were starting to get some altitude I looked over to the wing and it looked like there was something caught in it. It looked as though there was a bit of cardboard," he said.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">"I thought that is a bit weird. But then I took a bit of a closer look and it was actually part of the wing peeling away.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">"It was quite a large chunk of wing flapping in the breeze."</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">When Bill tried to alert the flight attendant, he was shut down quickly.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">"I was waving to get her attention and she said, 'Yes, we've seen it, the captain is dealing with it.' She shut the conversation right down," Bill said.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Virgin Australia spoke to </span><a href="https://www.9news.com.au/national/virgin-australia-flight-diverts-back-to-brisbane-after-wing-piece-comes-loose/aa934c7c-a3b4-4643-8b48-ff26108eb56b"><span style="font-weight: 400;">9 News</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, explaining that the plane wing’s issue was an “engineering issue” and not a “safety issue”.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">"This was not a safety issue, however the Captain made the decision to conduct an air return so the aircraft could be inspected by our engineers as a precautionary measure," the Virgin Australia spokesperson said.</span></p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Photo credit: </span><a href="https://www.9news.com.au/national/virgin-australia-flight-diverts-back-to-brisbane-after-wing-piece-comes-loose/aa934c7c-a3b4-4643-8b48-ff26108eb56b"><span style="font-weight: 400;">9news.com.au</span></a></em></p>

Travel Trouble

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Titanium is the perfect metal to make replacement body parts

<p><em>To mark the <a href="https://www.iypt2019.org/">International Year of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements</a> we’re taking a look at how researchers study some of the elements in their work.</em></p> <p><em>Today’s it’s titanium, a metal known for its strength and lightness so it’s ideal for making replacement hips, knees and other parts of our bodies, but it’s also used in other industries.</em></p> <hr /> <p><a href="http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/22/titanium">Titanium</a> gets its name from the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Titan-Greek-mythology">Titans of ancient Greek mythology</a> but this thoroughly modern material is well suited to a huge range of high-tech applications.</p> <p>With the chemical symbol Ti and an atomic number of 22, titanium is a silver-coloured metal valued for its low density, high strength, and resistance to corrosion.</p> <p>I first studied titanium via a Master’s degree at the Institute of Metal Research in the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1999. One of my projects was to investigate the formation of titanium alloys for their high-strength characteristics.</p> <p>Since then, the applications for this metal have grown exponentially, from its use (as <a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/titanium-dioxide">titanium dioxide</a>) in paints, paper, toothpaste, sunscreen and cosmetics, through to its <a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/titanium">use as an alloy</a> in biomedical implants and aerospace innovations.</p> <p>Particularly exciting is the perfect marriage between titanium and 3D printing.</p> <p><strong>Custom design from 3D printing</strong></p> <p>Titanium materials are expensive and can be problematic when it comes to traditional processing technologies. For example, its high melting point (1,670℃, much higher than <a href="https://www.bssa.org.uk/topics.php?article=103">steel alloys</a>) is a challenge.</p> <p>The relatively low-cost precision of 3D printing is therefore a game-changer for titanium. 3D printing is where an object is built layer by layer and designers can create amazing shapes.</p> <p>This allows the production of complex shapes such as replacement parts of a <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-03-30/victorian-woman-gets-3d-printed-jawbone-implant/8400410">jaw bone</a>, <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-10-21/rare-cancer-sufferer-receives-3d-printed-heel/5830432">heel</a>, <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/news/2014/05/16-ground-breaking-hip-and-stem-cell-surgery.page">hip</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27313616">dental implants</a>, or <a href="http://www.media-studio.co.uk/news/media-studios-first-3d-printed-titanium-cranioplasty-plate-delivered">cranioplasty plates</a> in surgery. It can also be used to make <a href="https://3dprint.com/219546/3d-print-golf-clubs-and-equipment/">golf clubs</a> and <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-norsk-boeing-idUSKBN17C264">aircraft components</a>.</p> <p>The <a href="https://www.csiro.au/en/Research/MF/Areas/Metals/Lab22">CSIRO is working with industry</a> to develop new technologies in 3D printing using titanium. (It even <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8oc8GoOOUo4">made a dragon</a> out of titanium.)</p> <p>Advances in 3D printing are opening up new avenues to further improve the function of <a href="https://www.materialise.com/pl/node/3197">customised bodypart implants</a> <a href="https://www.renishaw.com/en/metal-3d-printing-for-healthcare--24226">made of titanium</a>.</p> <p>Such implants can be designed to be porous, making them lighter but allowing blood, nutrients and nerves to pass through and can even <a href="https://3dprint.com/219795/3d-printed-lattice-structures/">promote bone in-growth</a>.</p> <p><strong>Safe in the body</strong></p> <p>Titanium is considered the most biocompatible metal – not harmful or toxic to living tissue – due to its resistance to corrosion from bodily fluids. This ability to withstand the harsh bodily environment is a result of the protective oxide film that forms naturally in the presence of oxygen.</p> <p>Its ability to physically bond with bone also gives titanium an advantage over other materials that require the use of an adhesive to remain attached. Titanium implants last longer, and much larger forces are required to break the bonds that join them to the body compared with their alternatives.</p> <p>Titanium alloys commonly used in load-bearing implants are significantly less stiff – and closer in performance to human bone – than stainless steel or cobalt-based alloys.</p> <p><strong>Aerospace applications</strong></p> <p>Titanium weighs about half as much as steel but is 30% stronger, which makes it ideally suited to the aerospace industry where every gram matters.</p> <p>In the late 1940s the US government helped to get production of titanium going as it could see its potential for “<a href="https://titaniumprocessingcenter.com/titanium-technical-data/titanium-history-developments-and-applications/">aircraft, missiles, spacecraft, and other military purposes</a>”.</p> <p>Titanium has increasingly become the buy-to-fly material for aircraft designers striving to develop faster, lighter and more efficient aircraft.</p> <p>About 39% of the US Air Force’s <a href="https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/f22/">F22 Raptor</a>, one of the most advanced fighter aircraft in the world, is made of titanium.</p> <p>Civil aviation moved in the same direction with Boeing’s new <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/boeing-787-dreamliner">787 Dreamliner made of 15% titanium</a>, significantly more than previous models.</p> <p>Two key areas where titanium is used in airliners is in their landing gear and jet engines. Landing gear needs to withstand the massive amounts of force exerted on it every time a plane hits a runway.</p> <p>Titanium’s toughness means it can absorb the huge amounts of energy expelled when a plane lands without ever weakening.</p> <p>Titanium’s heat resistance means it can be used inside modern jet engines, where temperatures can reach 800℃. Steel begins to soften at around 400℃ but titanium can withstand the intense heat of a jet engine without losing its strength.</p> <p><strong>Where to find titanium</strong></p> <p>In its natural state, titanium is always found bonded with other elements, usually within igneous rocks and sediments derived from them.</p> <p>The most commonly mined materials containing titanium are <a href="https://geology.com/minerals/ilmenite.shtml">ilmenite</a> (an iron-titanium oxide, FeTiO<sub>3</sub>) and <a href="https://geology.com/minerals/rutile.shtml">rutile</a> (a titanium oxide, TiO<sub>2</sub>).</p> <p>Ilmenite is most abundant in China, whereas Australia has the highest global proportion of rutile, <a href="http://www.ga.gov.au/education/classroom-resources/minerals-energy/australian-mineral-facts/titanium#heading-6">about 40% according to Geoscience Australia</a>. It’s found mostly on the east, west and southern coastlines of Australia.</p> <p>Both materials are generally extracted from sands, after which the titanium is separated from the other minerals.</p> <p>Australia is one of the world’s <a href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/titanium/mcs-2015-timin.pdf">leading producers of titanium</a>, producing more than 1.5 million tonnes in 2014. South Africa and China are the two next leading producers of titanium, producing 1.16 and 1 million tonnes, respectively.</p> <p>Being among the top ten most abundant elements in Earth’s crust, titanium resources aren’t currently under threat – good news for the many scientists and innovators constantly looking for new ways to improve life with titanium.</p> <hr /> <p><em>If you’re an academic researcher working with a particular element from the periodic table and have an interesting story to tell then why not <a href="https://theconversation.com/au/pitches">get in touch</a>.</em><!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/115361/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: http://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/laichang-zhang-715775">Laichang Zhang</a>, Professor Mechanical Engineering, <a href="http://theconversation.com/institutions/edith-cowan-university-720">Edith Cowan University</a></em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="http://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/titanium-is-the-perfect-metal-to-make-replacement-human-body-parts-115361">original article</a>.</em></p>

Technology

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Memory and attention difficulties are often part of a normal life

<p>From young adults to people in their 60s, everyday functioning in today’s world can place high demands on our attention and memory skills.</p> <p>Memory lapses such as forgetting an appointment, losing our keys, forgetting a distant relative’s name or not remembering why you opened the fridge can leave us believing our thinking skills are impaired.</p> <p>But you might be too hard on yourself. Tiredness, stress and worry, and feeling down or depressed are all common reasons adults experience attention and memory difficulties.</p> <p><strong>Attention and memory systems</strong></p> <p>Attention and memory skills are closely connected. Whether we can learn and remember something partly depends on our ability to concentrate on the information at the time.</p> <p>It also depends on our ability to focus our attention on retrieving that information when it’s being recalled at a later time.</p> <p>This attention system, which is so important for successful memory function, has a limited capacity – we can only make sense of, and learn, a limited amount of information in any given moment.</p> <p>Being able to learn, and later successfully remember something, also depends on our memory system, which stores the information.</p> <p><strong>Changes in attention and memory skills</strong></p> <p>In people who are ageing normally, both attention and memory systems <a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2018-45562-001">gradually decline</a>. This decline starts in our early 20s and continues slowly until our 60s, when it tends to speed up.</p> <p>During normal ageing, the number of connections between brain cells slowly reduce and some areas of the brain progressively work less efficiently. These changes particularly occur in the areas of the brain that are important for memory and attention systems.</p> <p>This normal ageing decline is different from dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, which cause progressive changes in thinking skills, emotions and behaviour that are not typical of the normal ageing process. Dementia comes from a group of diseases that affect brain tissue and cause abnormal changes in the way the brain works.</p> <p>If you’re concerned your memory difficulties may be a symptom of dementia, talk to your GP, who can refer you to a specialist, if needed, to determine whether these changes are due to normal ageing, dementia or some other cause.</p> <p>If you experience persistent changes in your thinking skills, which are clearly greater than your friends and acquaintances who are of a similar age and in similar life circumstances, see your GP.</p> <p><strong>Normal attention and memory difficulties</strong></p> <p>Broadly, there are two main reasons healthy adults experience difficulties with their memory and/or attention: highly demanding lives and normal age-related changes.</p> <p>A person can be consistently using their attention and memory skills at high levels without sufficient mental relaxation time and/or sleep to keep their brain working at its best.</p> <p>Young adults who are working, studying and then consistently using attention-demanding devices as “relaxation” techniques, such as computer games and social media interaction, <a href="https://willsull.net/resources/KaplanS1995.pdf">fall into this group</a>.</p> <p>Adults <a href="https://eds.b.ebscohost.com/abstract?site=eds&amp;scope=site&amp;jrnl=21528675&amp;AN=83525068&amp;h=746XcJnf0qjmaQYDoqYWEsXgl8RLBY8oP631iGbnBfEIOVCJNS12LFen5etfOkNg5UAJ6nKqJipZs%2b4OKOVZLw%3d%3d&amp;crl=c&amp;resultLocal=ErrCrlNoResults&amp;resultNs=Ehost&amp;crlhashurl=login.aspx%3fdirect%3dtrue%26profile%3dehost%26scope%3dsite%26authtype%3dcrawler%26jrnl%3d21528675%26AN%3d83525068">juggling the demands</a> of work or study, family and social requirements also fall into this group.</p> <p><a href="https://theconversation.com/explainer-how-much-sleep-do-we-need-29759">Most adults need</a> around seven to nine hours of sleep per night for their brain to work at its best, with older adults needing seven to eight hours.</p> <p>The second common reason is a combination of ageing-related brain changes and highly demanding work requirements.</p> <p>For people in jobs that place a high load on thinking skills, the thinking changes that occur with normal ageing <a href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Memory-complaint-as-a-predictor-of-cognitive-a-of-Blazer-Hays/41fd23f208c261065296a54b826602ff2bf8ee09">can become noticeable</a> at some point around 55 to 70 years of age. It’s around this time age-related changes in the ability to carry out complex thinking tasks become large enough to be noticeable. People who are retired or don’t have the same mentally demanding jobs generally experience the same changes, but may not notice them as much.</p> <p>This is also the age many people become more aware of the potential risk of dementia. Consequently, these normal changes can result in high levels of stress and concern, which can result in a person experiencing even greater difficulties day to day.</p> <p><strong>Emotional distress can take its toll</strong></p> <p>Feeling down and sad can affect memory and concentration. When a person is feeling worried and/or down regularly, they may become consumed by their thoughts.</p> <p>It’s important to recognise how you’re feeling, to make changes or seek help if needed. But thinking a lot about how you’re feeling can also take a person’s attention away from the task at hand and make it difficult for them to concentrate on what is happening, or remember it clearly in the future.</p> <p>So feeling worried or down can make it seem there is something wrong with their memory and concentration.</p> <p><strong>Boosting your attention and memory skills</strong></p> <p>There are a number of things that can be done to help your day-to-day memory and attention skills.</p> <p>First, it’s important to properly rest your mind on a regular basis. This involves routinely doing something you enjoy that doesn’t demand high levels of attention or memory, such as exercising, reading for pleasure, walking the dog, listening to music, relaxed socialising with friends, and so on.</p> <p>Playing computer games, or having a lengthy and focused session on social media, requires high levels of attention and other thinking skills, so these are not good mental relaxation techniques when you are already mentally tired.</p> <p> </p> <p>It’s also important to get enough sleep, so you are not consistently tired – undertaking exercise on a regular basis often helps with getting good quality sleep, as does keeping alcohol consumption <a href="https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/managing-your-alcohol-intake">within recommended limits</a>.</p> <p>Looking after your mental health is also important. Noticing how you are feeling and getting support (social and/or professional) during longer periods of high stress or lowered mood will help ensure these things are not affecting your memory or concentration.</p> <p>Finally, be fair to yourself if you notice difficulties with your thinking. Are the changes you notice any different to those of other people your own age and in similar circumstances, or are you comparing yourself to someone younger or with less demands in their life?</p> <p>If you have ongoing concerns about your attention and memory, speak with your GP, who can refer you to a specialist, such as a clinical neuropsychologist, if needed.</p> <p><em>Written by <span>Jacqueline Anderson, Senior Lecturer in Clinical Neuropsychology, University of Melbourne</span>. Republished with permission of </em><a href="https://theconversation.com/memory-and-attention-difficulties-are-often-part-of-a-normal-life-119539"><em>The Conversation</em></a><em>. </em></p>

Mind

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Cruise staff reveal the hardest part about working on a ship

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">While working on a cruise ship can have its perks, there are always downsides to every job. Afterall, working on a moving vessel for months at a time can take its toll. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A former cruise ship worker has shared their perspective on what makes working on a cruise ship so difficult. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Joshua Kinser told </span><a href="https://www.express.co.uk/travel/cruise/1157814/cruise-ship-crew-job-cruises-working-holidays"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Express UK</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> it can be a particularly difficult job in many ways. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“There are many difficulties and challenges that cruise ship crew members must endure on their lengthy contracts at sea,” he said.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“The monotony of the job becomes tiresome,” he explained. “The food served to the crew can sometimes be about as appetising as the seaweed that gets tangled in the cruise ship propellers.”</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“I wish I could have told passengers how much I wanted a lobster tail or some of the great food that they were eating in the passenger dining rooms,” Kinser added.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“I know it may seem petty to some people out there, kind of a first-world problem sort of thing, but after three months eating the same slop that is served on some of these ships, most employees just want a taste of the wonderful food that the passengers eat.”</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Not only is the food  unappetising for the most part, there is also a homesickness that can be guaranteed on the job for many of the employees. Working away from home for months at a time can cause a real strain, Kinser explained. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“The isolation from friends and family and one’s life on land can be very difficult for some to deal with at times.”</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">One upside is getting to know new people from different parts of the world, however Joshua says it is not for everyone. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“Adjusting to the very different culture and rhythm of life as a cruise ship crew member can be difficult for some,” he said.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“Being on ship time and having your daily schedule dictated at all times can take some serious getting used to.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“This is especially the case if you are a person who has lived most of your life in a country that affords you a considerable degree of autonomy, independence, and free will, or if you’re just a stubborn and oppositional person by nature in general.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“If you don’t deal with authority well, you may not be very happy working on a cruise ship.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“All of this is difficult at times, and the degree of difficulty changes with what ship you are assigned to.”</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The best part about working on a cruise ship though? </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“There is a lot to celebrate in ship life: The travel is tops of course,” Kinser said.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“I was able to travel all around the world aboard cruise ships and I am forever grateful to the cruise ship companies for the opportunity to do so.”</span></p>

Cruising