Placeholder Content Image

Why you shouldn’t worry if the plane cabin fills with fog

<p dir="ltr">A savvy traveller has shared why plane cabins can fill with fog, and why you need not to worry about it. </p> <p dir="ltr">Passenger Savannah Gowarty posted a video of the suspiciously looking inflight mist and condensation on a domestic US flight, with the video garnered over 13.1 million views, and amazing and confusing commentators questioning what was going on.</p> <p dir="ltr">In response to the viral video, a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) spokesperson told <em><a href="https://cnn.com/travel">CNN Travel</a></em> what it means. </p> <p dir="ltr">The short answer: it's a natural occurrence that usually only lasts a short while, and it's nothing to worry about.</p> <p dir="ltr">"On hot and relatively humid days, cold air from the aircraft's air conditioning system mixes with the warmer, humid cabin air and lowers it to the dew point, creating fog," the spokesperson said. </p> <p dir="ltr">"The fog is generally short-lived as the cooled air quickly warms above the dew point."</p> <p dir="ltr">When an airplane is waiting on the ground pre-departure, the aircraft cabin air is kept cool "either from an external ground air conditioning unit or the aircraft's own Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)," as the FAA spokesperson explains.</p> <p dir="ltr">"Both provide cold air (usually much cooler than the ambient temperature) which can temporarily lower the dew point of the aircraft cabin air enough to create fog."</p> <p dir="ltr">Climate scientist Indrani Roy emphasised that neither mist nor any resulting condensation is "cause for alarm."</p> <p dir="ltr">The FAA spokesperson went on to explain that "aircraft cabin fog usually dissipates very quickly."</p> <p dir="ltr">"This is due to the colder air (which lowered the cabin air temperature to its dew point) quickly warms back above the dew point. Once that happens, the fog will disappear.”</p> <p dir="ltr">“Many times, the fog only appears as it comes out of the vent, exists for 1-2 seconds and then is gone."</p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Image credits: Shutterstock </em></p>

Travel Trouble

Placeholder Content Image

How risky is turbulence on a plane? How worried should I be?

<p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/hassan-vally-202904">Hassan Vally</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/deakin-university-757">Deakin University</a></em></p> <p>The Singapore Airlines <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-05-21/singapore-london-flight-makes-emergency-landing/103876370">turbulence incident</a> that has sadly left one person dead and others hospitalised has made many of us think about the risks of air travel.</p> <p>We’ll hear more in coming days about how the aircraft came to drop so suddenly on its route from London to Singapore earlier this week, injuring passengers and crew, before making an emergency landing in Thailand.</p> <p>But thankfully, these types of incidents <a href="https://www.atsb.gov.au/publications/2014/in-flight-turbulence">are rare</a>, and much <a href="https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/injury/transport-accidents">less-common</a> than injuries from other types of transport.</p> <p>So why do we sometimes think the risk of getting injured while travelling by plane is higher than it really is?</p> <h2>How common are turbulence injuries?</h2> <p><a href="https://theconversation.com/what-is-air-turbulence-196872">Turbulence</a> <a href="https://www.atsb.gov.au/publications/2014/in-flight-turbulence">is caused by</a> the irregular movement of air, leading to passengers and crew experiencing abrupt sideways and vertical jolts.</p> <p>In the case of the Singapore Airlines flight, this type of turbulence is thought to be a severe example of “<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/article/2024/may/21/what-causes-air-turbulence-and-how-worried-should-passengers-be">clear-air turbulence</a>”, which can occur without warning. There are several other types.</p> <p>About 25 in-flight turbulence injuries <a href="https://www.atsb.gov.au/publications/2014/in-flight-turbulence">are reported</a> to the Australian Transport Safety Bureau each year, although it is thought many more are un-reported. Some of these reported injuries are serious, including broken bones and head injuries. Passengers being thrown up and out of their seat during turbulence is one of the most common type of head injury on a plane.</p> <p>Other injuries from turbulence are caused by contact with flying laptops, or other unsecured items.</p> <p>In <a href="https://www.atsb.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-04/AR-2008-034%20Turbulence%20FactSheet_v2.pdf">one example</a> of clear-air turbulence that came without warning, cabin crew, passengers and meal trolleys hit the ceiling, and landed heavily back on the floor. Serious injuries included bone fractures, lacerations, neck and back strains, a dislocated shoulder and shattered teeth. Almost all of those seriously injured did not have their seat belts fastened.</p> <p>But we need to put this into perspective. In the year to January 2024, there were <a href="https://www.bitre.gov.au/statistics/aviation/international">more than 36 million</a> passengers on international flights to Australia. In the year to February 2024, there were <a href="https://www.bitre.gov.au/statistics/aviation/domestic">more than 58 million</a> passengers on domestic flights.</p> <p>So while such incidents grab the headlines, they are exceedingly rare.</p> <h2>Why do we think flying is riskier than it is?</h2> <p>When we hear about this recent Singapore Airlines incident, it’s entirely natural to have a strong emotional reaction. We might have imagined the terror we might feel if we were on the aircraft at the time.</p> <p>But our emotional response <a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2001-16969-005">alters our perception</a> of the risk and leads us to think these rare incidents are more common than they really are.</p> <p>There is a vast body of literature addressing the <a href="https://theconversation.com/explainer-how-our-understanding-of-risk-is-changing-79501">numerous factors</a> that influence how individuals perceive risk and the cognitive biases we are all subject to that mislead us.</p> <p>Nobel Prize-winning economist <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2002/kahneman/facts/">Daniel Kahneman</a> covers them in his bestselling book <a href="https://www.penguin.com.au/books/thinking-fast-and-slow-9780141033570">Thinking, Fast and Slow</a>.</p> <p>He describes the way we respond to risks is not rational, but driven by emotion. Kahneman also highlights the fact that our brains are not wired to make sense of extremely small risks. So these types of risks – such as the chance of serious injury or death from in-flight turbulence – are hard for us to make sense of.</p> <p>The more unusual an event is, and this was a very unusual event, Kahneman says the more impact it makes on our psyche and the more likely we are to overestimate the risk.</p> <p>Of course, the more unusual the event, the <a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1999-02435-000">more likely</a> it is for it to be in the media, amplifying this effect.</p> <p>Similarly, the easier it is to <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0010028573900339">imagine an event</a>, the more it affects our perception and the more likely we are to respond to an event as if it were much more likely to occur.</p> <h2>How can we make sense of the risk?</h2> <p>One way to make sense of activities with small, hard-to-understand risks is by comparing their risks to the risks of more familiar activities.</p> <p>If we do this, the data shows very clearly that it is much <a href="https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/injury/transport-accidents">more risky</a> to drive a car or ride a motorbike than to travel by plane.</p> <p>While events such as the Singapore Airlines incident are devastating and stir up lots of emotions, it’s important to recognise how our emotions can mislead us to over-estimate the risk of this happening again, or to us.</p> <p>Apart from the stress and anxiety this provokes, overestimating the risks of particular activities may lead us to make bad decisions that actually put us at greater risk of harm.<img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/230665/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /></p> <p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/hassan-vally-202904">Hassan Vally</a>, Associate Professor, Epidemiology, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/deakin-university-757">Deakin University</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Shutterstock</em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-risky-is-turbulence-on-a-plane-how-worried-should-i-be-230665">original article</a>.</em></p>

Travel Trouble

Placeholder Content Image

Seinfeld star's worrying health update

<p><em>Seinfeld</em> star Michael Richards has revealed his secret battle with prostate cancer in 2018, and how he only survived after making the decision to undergo surgery. </p> <p>Richards, who played the ever-eccentric Cosmo Kramer in the 1990s sitcom, received the stage one diagnosis after a routine check-up showed he had elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels.</p> <p>He opened up about the diagnosis to <em>People</em> magazine, saying, “I thought, ‘Well, this is my time. I’m ready to go’.”</p> <p>“But then my son came to mind just a few seconds later, and I heard myself saying, ‘I’ve got a nine-year-old, and I’d like to be around for him. Is there any way I can get a little more life going?’”</p> <p>Richards’ doctor recommended removing the comedian’s entire prostate because the biopsy “didn’t look good”, as Richards explained it "had to be contained quickly”.</p> <p>“I had to go for the full surgery. If I hadn’t, I probably would have been dead in about eight months,” the 74-year-old said. </p> <p>After facing the difficult health battle, Richards felt inspired to write his forthcoming memoir, Entrances and Exits, using a collection of diaries he had kept over the years.</p> <p>“I had over 40 journals I’d kept over the years and wanted to do a full review of my life. I’m turning 75, so maybe wanting to do that is something that comes with being my age. I wanted to connect with feelings and memory,” he told the publication. </p> <p>“I’m surprised at how much I was able to remember.”</p> <p><em>Greg Grudt/UPI/Shutterstock Editorial </em></p>

Caring

Placeholder Content Image

Should you be worried about the amount of coffee or tea you drink?

<p>Before you reach for that cup of coffee or tea, have you ever thought about whether that caffeinated beverage is <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/health/body-and-mind/debunks-vices-coffee-caffeine/">good or bad for you</a>?</p> <p><iframe title="Vices: Is coffee good or bad for you?" src="https://omny.fm/shows/debunks/vices-is-coffee-good-or-bad-for-you/embed?style=Cover" width="100%" height="180" frameborder="0"></iframe></p> <p>Most of us will drink coffee or tea each day.</p> <p>It helps keep us alert, especially in a world of the nine-to-five grind. Some workers rely on caffeine to get them through shift work and night shifts.</p> <p>Many, like me, would just collapse in a heap if it weren’t for that liquid black gold to keep us peppy in the morning.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">What is caffeine?</h2> <p>To get a better picture of how coffee or tea affects us, let’s examine the active ingredient: <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/podcast/huh-science-explained-stirring-the-science-of-caffeine/">caffeine</a>.</p> <p>Caffeine is a <a href="https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/caffeine" target="_blank" rel="noopener">drug</a>. It’s a white, odourless substance known to chemists as 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine and is made up of 8 carbon, 10 hydrogen, 4 nitrogen and 2 oxygen atoms.</p> <p>Caffeine occurs naturally in coffee beans, cocoa beans, kola nuts, and tea leaves.</p> <p>It is an adenosine antagonist, blocking the A1, A2A, and A2B receptors in the brain and body to promote wakefulness. Normally, adenosine (a chemical compound with a similar 3D structure to caffeine) binds to its receptors, slowing neural activity and making you sleepy.</p> <p>When caffeine, instead, binds to the receptors, adenosine is blocked and brain activity speeds up, making you feel more alert.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">History lesson</h2> <p>Tea and coffee are the most common way for humans to get their caffeine fix.</p> <p>Drinks made using coffee beans date back more than a thousand years to the coffee forests of the horn of Africa.</p> <p>Legend says that, around 800 CE, an Ethiopian goat herder named Kaldi noticed his goats were energetic and didn’t sleep when they ate the coffee beans. Coffee then spread eastward to the Arabian Peninsula, reaching Yemen in the 15th century, and Egypt, Syria, Persia and Turkey in the 1500s. From their it made it to Europe and eventually the whole world.</p> <p>But caffeine is also present in other beverages like tea, cola and even some foods like chocolate.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Is it bad for you?</h2> <p>Given how prevalent the drug is, are there negative side effects we should be worried about?</p> <p>For one thing, it is an addictive substance. And the more you drink, the more you need.</p> <p>“Our body tends to adjust to a new level of consumption,” Kitty Pham, a PhD candidate at the University of South Australia and expert in nutritional and genetic epidemiology, tells <em>Cosmos</em>. “Your body does develop a tolerance to the caffeine. So, you start to need to drink more and more to feel the same effect as before.”</p> <p>Caffeine can also act as an anxiogenic – a substance that can trigger heightened levels of anxiety.</p> <p>Pham notes some risks associated with too much caffeine consumption over a long period of time.</p> <p>“Greater than 6 cups per day, we did see an increase in dementia risk,” she notes. “There’s also some research on how it might increase your cholesterol. There’s a substance in coffee called cafestol that can regulate your blood cholesterol. If you’re drinking too much coffee, it might be increasing your cholesterol. So, there are risks, but often they are at really high consumption.”</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">What’s the limit?</h2> <p>So, how much caffeine is too much according to science?</p> <p>“That’s, the million-dollar question, isn’t it?” Pham laughs. “There’s a lot of varying research on it. It’s hard to tell a definite limit. But generally, most studies really agree that one to two cups of coffee, or an equivalent of 100 to 200 milligrams of caffeine is safe and okay.”</p> <p>The average cup of coffee has about 100 mg of caffeine. On average, instant coffee with one teaspoon of powder contains about 70 mg of caffeine, while a coffee pod has 60–90 mg.</p> <p>Other drinks containing might have even more caffeine, making it important to monitor your consumption more carefully.</p> <p>A 355 mL can of Red Bull energy drink has more than 110 mg of caffeine. Meanwhile, an average bar of dark chocolate has about 70 mg of caffeine.</p> <p>Many people are moving away from coffee to drinks like tea and matcha which may have <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/health/flavonoids-black-tea/">additional</a> <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/health/tea-drinkers-may-well-live-longer/">health</a> <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/health/black-tea-mortality-risk/">benefits</a>. A 100-gram cup of black tea has only about 20 mg of caffeine, while matcha can have 140–170 mg of caffeine!</p> <p>“Looking at the US, they usually recommend less than 400 milligrams. So overall, moderation and keeping your consumption to one to two cups – that’s what I’d recommend.”</p> <p>Now that I’ve written about caffeine, I think I need another cuppa. It’s only my second of the day, I swear. </p> <p><em>Image credits: Getty Images </em></p> <div> <h3><em><a href="https://link.cosmosmagazine.com/JQ4R"><noscript data-spai="1"><img decoding="async" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-198773" src="https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/ret_img/cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Apple-Podcasts.svg" data-spai-egr="1" alt="Subscribe to our podcasts" width="300" height="54" title="should you be worried about the amount of coffee or tea you drink? 2"></noscript></a><a href="https://link.cosmosmagazine.com/JQ4U"><noscript data-spai="1"><img decoding="async" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-198773" src="https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/ret_img/cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Spotify.svg" data-spai-egr="1" alt="Subscribe to our podcasts" width="300" height="54" title="should you be worried about the amount of coffee or tea you drink? 3"></noscript></a></em></h3> </div> <p><em><!-- Start of tracking content syndication. Please do not remove this section as it allows us to keep track of republished articles --></em></p> <p><em><a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/health/body-and-mind/coffee-tea-caffeine-debunks/">This article</a> was originally published on <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com">Cosmos Magazine</a> and was written by <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/contributor/evrim-yazgin/">Evrim Yazgin</a>.</em></p>

Body

Placeholder Content Image

Worrying news – ozone layer not recovering after all

<p>Alarming news from New Zealand scientists suggests the ozone layer might not be recovering after all, with the problem exacerbated by bushfires, volcanic eruptions and greenhouse gas emissions.</p> <div class="copy"> <p>The research <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-42637-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener">published</a> in <em>Nature Communications</em> suggests the Antarctic ozone layer has reduced by 26% since 2004, contrary to previous reports of recovery by actions taken under an agreement called the Montreal Protocol. </p> <p>The authors say wildfire and volcanic aerosols together with greenhouse gas emissions probably explain recent setbacks with record large, long-lived ozone holes re-emerging over Antarctica during Spring since 2020.</p> <p>Climate change is influencing the <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/weather-services/fire-weather-centre/bushfire-weather/index.shtml" target="_blank" rel="noopener">severity and frequency</a> of bushfires.</p> <p>The ozone hole was previously thought to be under repair thanks to a global agreement signed in Montreal, Canada to limit ozone depleting substances. </p> <p>But the paper finds insignificant long-term change in the total ozone column since the early 2000s, “even where significant recovery has previously been reported”.</p> <p>The analysis of daily and monthly ozone changes between 2001 – 2022, show delays in the formation of the ozone hole. While early springtime shows signs of recovery in the ozone layer, this is followed by declines during late September.</p> <p>Researcher and author Hannah Kessenich from the University of Otago says: “by looking at detailed, daily ozone observations from the last 19 years, we find evidence of much less ozone in the centre of the Antarctic ozone hole compared to 19 years ago. This means that the hole has not only remained large in area, but it has also become deeper (i.e. has less ozone) throughout most of Antarctic spring.”</p> <p>But Atmospheric scientist, Dr Martin Jucker from the University of NSW is not convinced by the results of the study.</p> <p>He says: “Their results rely heavily on the large ozone holes we have seen in 2020-2022. However, existing literature has already found reasons for these large ozone holes: Smoke from the 2019 bushfires and a volcanic eruption (La Soufriere), as well as a general relationship between the polar stratosphere and El Niño Southern Oscillation […] The years 2020-22 have seen a rare triple La Niña, but this relationship is never mentioned in the study.”  </p> <p><a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/earth-sciences/ozone-hole-among-largest-on-record/">This Spring</a>, the European Space Agency reported yet another large ozone hole had formed, among the biggest on record.</p> <p>The layer of ozone high in the atmosphere protects the Earth from ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the Sun. Ozone depletion exposes people, particularly in the Southern Hemisphere, to a higher risk of skin cancer.</p> <p><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p> <div> <p align="center"><em><img id="cosmos-post-tracker" style="opacity: 0; height: 1px!important; width: 1px!important; border: 0!important; position: absolute!important; z-index: -1!important;" src="https://syndication.cosmosmagazine.com/?id=288486&amp;title=Worrying+news+%26%238211%3B+ozone+layer+not+recovering+after+all" width="1" height="1" loading="lazy" aria-label="Syndication Tracker" data-spai-target="src" data-spai-orig="" data-spai-exclude="nocdn" /></em><em><a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/ozone-layer-not-recovering/">This article</a> was originally published on <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com">Cosmos Magazine</a> and was written by <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/contributor/petra-stock/">Petra Stock</a>. </em></p> </div> </div>

Travel Trouble

Placeholder Content Image

Worried about getting a blood test? 5 tips to make them easier (and still accurate)

<p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/sapha-shibeeb-1481231">Sapha Shibeeb</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/rmit-university-1063">RMIT University</a></em></p> <p>Blood tests are a common medical procedure, offering valuable insights into a person’s health. Whether you’re getting a routine check-up, diagnosing a medical condition or monitoring treatment progress, understanding the process can make the experience more comfortable and effective.</p> <p>For the majority of patients, blood collections are a minor inconvenience. Others may feel <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0887618506000041">uneasy and anxious</a>.</p> <p>Preparation strategies can help get you through the procedure.</p> <h2>How blood is collected</h2> <p>During venipuncture (blood draw), the phlebotomist (blood collector) inserts a needle through the skin into a vein and a small amount of blood is collected and transferred into a test tube.</p> <p>Tubes are sent to a laboratory, where the blood is analysed. A laboratory technician may count or examine cells and measure the levels of minerals/salts, enzymes, proteins or other substances in the sample. For some tests, blood plasma is separated out by spinning (centrifuging) the sample. Others pass a light beam through the sample to determine the amount of a chemical present.</p> <p>For collection, the phlebotomist usually selects a vein in the crook of your elbow, where veins are readily accessible. Blood can also be drawn from veins in the wrists, fingers or heels. A tourniquet may be applied to restrict blood flow and make the chosen vein puff out.</p> <h2>Different tests require different preparation</h2> <p>Before a blood test, the GP or health-care provider will give you specific instructions.</p> <p>These may include fasting for up to 12 hours or temporarily discontinuing certain medications.</p> <p>It is crucial to follow these guidelines meticulously as they can significantly impact the accuracy of your test results. For example, fasting is required before glucose (blood sugar) and lipids (blood fats) testing because blood sugar and cholesterol levels typically increase after a meal.</p> <p>If the blood test requires fasting, you will be asked not to eat or drink (no tea, coffee, juice or alcohol) for about eight to 12 hours. Water is allowed but smoking should be avoided because it can increase <a href="https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/19/2/112/19825/Acute-Effect-of-Cigarette-Smoking-on-Glucose">blood sugar, cholesterol and triglyceride levels</a>.</p> <p>Generally, you will be asked to fast overnight and have the blood collection done in the morning. Fasting for longer than 15 hours could impact your results, too, by causing dehydration or the release of certain chemicals in the blood.</p> <p>If you have diabetes, you must consult your doctor prior to fasting because it can increase the risk of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) in people with type 1 diabetes. Most type 2 diabetics can safely fast before a blood test but there are some exceptions, such as people who are taking certain medications including insulin.</p> <h2>5 tips for a better blood test</h2> <p>To improve your blood collection experience, consider these tips:</p> <p><strong>1. Hydrate</strong></p> <p>Drink plenty of water right up to 30 minutes before your appointment. Adequate hydration improves blood flow, making your veins more accessible. Avoid <a href="https://academic.oup.com/labmed/article/34/10/736/2657269">strenuous exercise</a> before your blood test, which can increase some blood parameters (such as liver function) while decreasing others (such as sodium).</p> <p><strong>2. Loose clothing</strong></p> <p>Wear clothing that allows easy access to your arms to ensure a less stressful procedure.</p> <p><strong>3. Manage anxiety</strong></p> <p>If the sight of blood or the procedure makes you anxious, look away while the needle is inserted and try to keep breathing normally. Distraction can help – virtual reality has been <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31889358/">trialled</a> to reduce needle anxiety in children. You could try bringing something to read or music to listen to.</p> <p><strong>4. Know your risk of fainting</strong></p> <p>If you’re prone to fainting, make sure to inform the phlebotomist when you arrive. You can have your blood drawn while lying down to minimise the risk of passing out and injury. Hydration helps maintain blood pressure and can also <a href="https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.CIR.0000101966.24899.CB">reduce the risk</a> of fainting.</p> <p><strong>5. Discuss difficult veins</strong></p> <p>Some people have smaller or scarred veins, often due to repeated punctures, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4989034/">chemotherapy</a> or blood thinner use. In such cases, venipuncture may require multiple attempts. It is important to talk to the phlebotomist if you feel discomfort or significant pain. A finger prick can be performed as an alternative for some tests, such as blood glucose levels. But other comprehensive tests require larger blood volume.</p> <h2>Blood draws after lymph node removal</h2> <p>Historically, there were concerns about drawing blood from an arm that had undergone lymph node removal. This was due to the risk of <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects/lymphedema/lymphedema-pdq#:%7E:text=Lymphedema%20is%20the%20build%2Dup,the%20way%20that%20it%20should.">lymphedema</a>, a condition marked by fluid build-up in the affected arm. Lymph nodes may have been removed (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK564397/#:%7E:text=Lymph%20node%20dissection%2C%20also%20known,surgical%20management%20of%20malignant%20tumors.">lymphadenectomy</a>) for cancer diagnosis or treatment.</p> <p>However, a <a href="https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.2015.61.5948">2016 study</a> showed people who’ve had lymph nodes removed are not at a higher risk of developing lymphedema following blood draws, even when drawing blood from the affected arm.</p> <h2>After your blood test</h2> <p>The whole blood test procedure usually lasts no more than a few minutes. Afterwards, you may be asked to apply gentle pressure over a clean dressing to aid clotting and reduce swelling.</p> <p>If you do experience swelling, bruising or pain after a test, follow general first aid procedures to alleviate discomfort. These include applying ice to the site, resting the affected arm and, if needed, taking a pain killer.</p> <p>It is usually recommended you do not do heavy lifting for a few hours after a blood draw. This is to prevent surges in blood flow that could prevent clotting where the blood was taken.<img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/216073/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /></p> <p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/sapha-shibeeb-1481231">Sapha Shibeeb</a>, Senior lecturer in Laboratory Medicine , <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/rmit-university-1063">RMIT University</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Shutterstock</em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/worried-about-getting-a-blood-test-5-tips-to-make-them-easier-and-still-accurate-216073">original article</a>.</em></p>

Body

Placeholder Content Image

"I'm prepared for that": Sam Neill shares worrying cancer update

<p>In a poignant and candid interview with <em>Australian Story</em>, beloved film icon Sam Neill shared a heartbreaking update about his ongoing battle with cancer.</p> <p>The 76-year-old actor <a href="https://www.oversixty.co.nz/health/caring/let-s-not-worry-too-much-sam-neill-s-devastating-diagnosis" target="_blank" rel="noopener">revealed that he was diagnosed</a> with a rare form of blood cancer, angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, earlier this year, a condition that has tested his strength and resilience in profound ways.</p> <p>Neill's journey through this harrowing ordeal has been nothing short of inspiring. He opened up about his initial chemotherapy treatment, which unfortunately did not prove successful. However, his dedicated medical team, led by a compassionate doctor, made the crucial decision to switch him to an anti-cancer drug. This treatment shift yielded encouraging results, putting Neill into remission for over 12 months.</p> <p>The actor's words carried a mix of hope and vulnerability as he admitted that, tragically, this anti-cancer drug would eventually stop working. “I’m prepared for that,” Neill stated with a remarkable degree of composure. He went on to share that while facing one's mortality is, understandably, not a comforting prospect, he remains unafraid of it.</p> <p>These words exemplify Neill's unwavering strength and courage, qualities that have defined his illustrious career in film and have been a source of inspiration to countless fans worldwide.</p> <p>Despite the physical toll of his treatment, which leaves him feeling as if he's been through "10 rounds with a boxer" in the days following each session, Neill continues to dedicate himself to his craft. Retirement is not even on the horizon for this determined actor, who still finds profound joy in being in front of the camera and collaborating with fellow artists.</p> <p>Currently, Neill is engaged in the filming of an adaptation of Liane Moriarty’s <em>Apples Never Fall</em> on the Gold Coast. Additionally, he is set to appear in the second series of the mini-series <em>The Twelve</em>, filmed in Western Australia. Through the highs and lows of his journey, Neill has found an unwavering source of support in his close friend, Australian actor Bryan Brown.</p> <p>Reflecting on his storied career, which has spanned over five decades and touched the hearts of many, Neill expressed his gratitude for the privilege of working alongside numerous talented actors. He stated, "I can't tell you how privileged I am to spend that amount of time with so many actors, so many of whom I've really enjoyed and so many of whom I've really admired." This sentiment underscores the depth of his love for his craft and the art of storytelling.</p> <p>Despite the challenges he faces, Sam Neill is not merely focusing on his film career; he's also been dedicating time to working on a new book, titled <em>Did I Ever Tell You This?</em>.</p> <p>In this book, he plans to share personal stories and anecdotes from his rich and diverse career. For Neill, this book is a way to leave a lasting piece of himself for his children and grandchildren, ensuring that his experiences and wisdom are passed on to future generations.</p> <p><em>Images: Instagram</em></p>

Caring

Placeholder Content Image

"I'm really worried": Broadcasting icon reveals incurable condition

<p>British broadcasting legend Alistair Stewart has shared the details of his devastating diagnosis, just after announcing his retirement.</p> <p>The 71-year-old shared that after suffering a series of strokes, he was diagnosed with vascular dementia. </p> <p>The news comes after he announced his retirement, after a 50-year career in the media that saw him in prominent roles with both <em>ITV News</em> and <em>GB News</em>. </p> <p>In an interview on <em>GB News</em>, Stewart explained that he first began feeling "discombobulated" six to nine months ago, which left him fearing he had "early onset dementia."</p> <p>He told his <em>GB News</em> colleague Camilla Tominey, "I wasn't forgetful but things like doing your shoelaces up properly, making sure your tie was straight, remembering the call time for your program is four o'clock not five o'clock – not turning up early or late – and stuff like that."</p> <p>"And I then decided I might have something wrong up here." </p> <p>He went on to explain he went to his GP to explain his symptoms, to which his GP recommended he have a scan to determine the diagnosis. </p> <p>When his scan results came back, he was told he'd had a series of minor strokes.</p> <p>"And it was like a scene from Casualty or Emergency Ward 10 because the results came back and I had indeed had a series of minor strokes – that are called infract strokes." </p> <p>"Not the big one where your face falls down and your arm goes doolally. But it's like pepper shots and the cumulative effect of that is that I had a diagnosis of early onset vascular dementia."</p> <p>His condition is "incurable" however Stewart says he is following doctor's advice to try and slow the progression of the condition.</p> <p>Since receiving his diagnosis, Stewart has retired from his role at <em>GB News</em> after more than 50 years as a journalist and broadcaster.</p> <p>He shared in a statement, "I'm nearly 71 and I still get the most tremendous lift from live television – it's the best job in the world."</p> <p>"However, the rigours of preparing for two live interview shows a week, and commuting from Hampshire to London for them, are considerable. I want to reduce my commitment while I'm still ahead as an old broadcaster, rather than an ancient one."</p> <p><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p>

Caring

Placeholder Content Image

"Let's not worry too much": Sam Neill's devastating diagnosis

<p>Sam Neill has revealed he has been battling blood cancer, but has remained in remission for the last eight months. </p> <p>The 75-year-old actor, who is most known for his work in the <em>Jurassic Park</em> franchise, told <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/mar/17/sam-neill-cancer-memoir-interview" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>The Guardian</em></a> he had angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, or stage III blood cancer, and underwent chemotherapy.</p> <p>He will remain on chemo drugs for the rest of his life, but is currently cancer free. </p> <p>“I’m not off the hook as such, but there’s no cancer in my body,” Neill told the publication.</p> <p>Despite being in remission, the actor has battled some "dark moments" since his diagnosis. </p> <p>“I can’t pretend that the last year hasn’t had its dark moments,” Neill added in the interview.</p> <p>“But those dark moments throw the light into sharp relief, you know, and have made me grateful for every day and immensely grateful for all my friends. Just pleased to be alive.”</p> <p>Neill has detailed his journey with cancer in his upcoming memoirs, which he began writing while undergoing treatment. </p> <p>He shared a video to Instagram to give his fans an update on his health after news of his diagnosis broke, and revealed more about his book. </p> <p>He said, “I’m alive and kicking and I’m going to work and I’m very happy to be going back to work."</p> <p>“We start filming in seven days’ time. I’m doing a thing called <em>Apples Never Fall</em> [with] Annette Bening and a really wonderful cast. Here I am, and I wish the headline wasn’t that thing because the main thing is that I have written this book, it’s called <em>Did I Ever Tell You This?</em>. And it does mention cancer because that’s the sort of context in which I wrote it. "</p> <p>“But I didn’t really mean to write a book, I needed something to do while I was undergoing treatment, and I am used to going to work and I suddenly couldn’t go to work. So that’s why I wrote the book, and I have to say there’s been great response to it. People seem to love it, which is great."</p> <p>“I was very nervous, obviously as a first time author. Anyway, I think it’s fun. We subtitled it <em>Movies, Life, Love and Other Catastrophes</em>. So it gives you an idea of all the crazy things that have happened to me."</p> <p>“So I hope you enjoy it, and let’s not worry too much about ‘all that’ because I’m fine. OK!”</p> <p>When speaking to <em>The Guardian</em> about his upcoming memoir, Neill revealed that the opening chapter of his book contained the line, “The thing is, I’m crook. Possibly dying. I may have to speed this up.”</p> <p><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p>

Caring

Placeholder Content Image

"This is crazy": Ellen shares worrying update from storm-lashed LA

<p>Former talk show host Ellen DeGeneres shared an update on Twitter showing the intensity of the wild storms hitting Los Angeles.</p> <p>The 64-year-old gave an up close and personal look at how the storm was wreaking havoc near her Montecito mansion.</p> <p>"Montecito is under mandatory evacuation. We are on higher ground so they asked us to shelter in place. Please stay safe everyone," she wrote.</p> <p>The video shows DeGeneres bundled up in a grey raincoat and hoodie as the rising floodwaters in the creek raged behind her.</p> <p>"This creek next to our house never flows, ever. It’s probably about nine feet [2.7m] up. It could go another two feet [60cm] up. We have horses ready to evacuate," she said.</p> <p>DeGeneres lives in an affluent area with other A-listers including the Duke and Duchess of Sussex, Oprah Winfrey, Katy Perry and Orlando Bloom.</p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr" lang="en">Montecito is under mandatory evacuation. We are on higher ground so they asked us to shelter in place. Please stay safe everyone. <a href="https://t.co/7dv5wfNSzG">pic.twitter.com/7dv5wfNSzG</a></p> <p>— Ellen DeGeneres (@EllenDeGeneres) <a href="https://twitter.com/EllenDeGeneres/status/1612591946635284480?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">January 9, 2023</a></p></blockquote> <p>DeGeneres referenced the five-year anniversary of the deadly mudslides that struck Southern California in 2018, leaving 23 people dead and over 160 others injured.</p> <p>"This is crazy, on the five-year anniversary. We’re having unprecedented rain,” she said.</p> <p>DeGeneres ended the video with a friendly reminder that: “We need to be nicer to mother nature, cause mother nature is not happy with us. Let’s all do our part. Stay safe everybody.”</p> <p>Various fans have commented their support and prayers for the former talk show host.</p> <p>"Wow, so sorry you have to go through that. Stay safe," one commented.</p> <p>"It’s 5 years to the day since 23 people died in the Montecito mudslides. Stay safe Ellen and everyone else," commented another.</p> <p><em>Image: Twitter</em></p>

Travel Trouble

Placeholder Content Image

More than 100,000 tourists will head to Antarctica this summer. Should we worry about damage to the ice and its ecosystems?

<p>As the summer sun finally arrives for people in the Southern Hemisphere, more than 100,000 tourists will head for the ice. Travelling on one of more than 50 cruise ships, they will brave the two-day trip across the notoriously rough Drake Passage below Patagonia, destined for the polar continent of Antarctica. </p> <p>During the COVID summer of 2020-21, just 15 tourists on two yachts visited Antarctica. But now, tourism is back – and bigger than ever. This season’s <a href="https://iaato.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/ATCM44-IAATO-Overview.pdf">visitor numbers</a> are up more than 40% over the largest <a href="https://iaato.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/IAATO-on-Antarctic-visitor-figures-2019-20-FINAL.pdf">pre-pandemic year</a>. </p> <p>So are all those tourists going to damage what is often considered the last untouched wilderness on the planet? Yes and no. The industry is well run. Tourists often return with a new appreciation for wild places. They spend a surprisingly short amount of time actually on the continent or its islands. </p> <p>But as tourism grows, so will environmental impacts such as black carbon from cruise ship funnels. Tourists can carry in microbes, seed and other invasive species on their boots and clothes – a problem that will only worsen as ice melt creates new patches of bare earth. And cruise ships are hardly emissions misers.</p> <h2>How did Antarctic tourism go mainstream?</h2> <p>In the 1950s, the first tourists hitched rides on Chilean and Argentinian naval vessels heading south to resupply research bases on the South Shetland Islands. From the late 1960s, dedicated icebreaker expedition ships were venturing even further south. In the early 1990s, as ex-Soviet icebreakers became available, the industry began to expand – about a dozen companies offered trips at that time. By the turn of this century, the ice continent was receiving more than 10,000 annual visitors: Antarctic tourism had gone mainstream. </p> <p>What does it look like today? </p> <p>Most Antarctic tourists travel on small “expedition-style” vessels, usually heading for the relatively accessible Antarctic Peninsula. Once there, they can take a zodiac boat ride for a closer look at wildlife and icebergs or shore excursions to visit penguin or seal colonies. Visitors can kayak, paddle-board and take the polar plunge – a necessarily brief dip into subzero waters. </p> <p>For most tourists, accommodation, food and other services are provided aboard ship. Over a third of all visitors never stand on the continent. </p> <p>Those who do set foot on Antarctica normally make brief visits, rather than taking overnight stays. </p> <p>For more intrepid tourists, a few operators offer overland journeys into the continent’s interior, making use of temporary seasonal camp sites. There are no permanent hotels, and Antarctic Treaty nations recently <a href="https://documents.ats.aq/ATCM44/fr/ATCM44_fr001_e.pdf">adopted a resolution</a>against permanent tourist facilities. </p> <p>As tourists come in increasing numbers, some operators have moved to offer ever more adventurous options such as mountaineering, heli-skiing, underwater trips in submersibles and scuba diving.</p> <h2>Is Antarctic tourism sustainable?</h2> <p>As Antarctic tourism booms, some advocacy organisations have warned the impact may be unsustainable. For instance, the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition <a href="https://www.asoc.org/campaign/responsible-tourism-and-shipping/">argues</a> cruise tourism could put increased pressure on an environment already under significant strain from climate change. </p> <p>In areas visited most by tourists, the snow has a <a href="https://theconversation.com/each-antarctic-tourist-effectively-melts-83-tonnes-of-snow-new-research-177597">higher concentration</a> of black carbon from ship exhaust, which soaks up more heat and leads to snow melt. Ship traffic also risks carrying <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2110303118">hitchhiking invasive species</a> into the Southern Ocean’s vulnerable marine ecosystems.</p> <p>That’s to say nothing of greenhouse gas emissions. Because of the continent’s remoteness, tourists visiting Antarctica have a <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09669581003653534">higher per capita carbon footprint</a>than other cruise-ship travellers. </p> <p>Of course, these impacts aren’t limited to tourism. Scientific expeditions come with similar environmental costs – and while there are far fewer of them, scientists and support personnel spend far more time on the continent. </p> <h2>Antarctic tourism isn’t going away – so we have to plan for the future</h2> <p>Are sustainable cruises an oxymoron? Many <a href="https://www.popsci.com/environment/why-cruise-ships-are-bad-for-the-environment/#:%7E:text=Studies%20have%20shown%20one%20cruise,in%20unhealthy%20levels%20of%20pollution.">believe so</a>. </p> <p>Through its sheer size, the cruise industry has created <a href="https://theconversation.com/time-to-rock-the-boat-cruise-ships-can-destroy-the-very-destinations-they-sell-to-us-55245">mass tourism</a> in new places and <a href="https://theconversation.com/overtourism-a-growing-global-problem-100029">overtourism</a> in others, generating unacceptable levels of crowding, disrupting the lives of residents, repurposing local cultures for “exotic” performances, damaging the environment and adding to emissions from fossil fuels. </p> <p>In Antarctica, crowding, environmental impact and emissions are the most pressing issues. While 100,000 tourists a year is tiny by global tourism standards – Paris had almost 20 million in 2019 – visits are concentrated in highly sensitive ecological areas for only a few months per year. There are no residents to disturb (other than local wildlife), but by the same token, there’s no host community to protest if visitor numbers get too high. </p> <p>Even so, strong protections are in place. In accordance with the Antarctic Treaty System – the set of international agreements signed by countries with an Antarctic presence or an interest – tourism operators based in those nations have to apply for permits and follow <a href="https://www.ats.aq/e/protocol.html">stringent environmental regulations</a>. </p> <p>To avoid introducing new species, tourists have to follow rules such as disinfecting their boots and vacuuming their pockets before setting foot on the ice, and keeping a set distance from wildlife. </p> <p>Almost all Antarctic cruise owners belong to the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators, the peak body that manages Antarctic tourism. </p> <p>For the first time this year, operators have to report their <a href="https://iaato.org/antarctic-tour-operators-fuel-consumption-to-be-analysed-as-they-embark-on-climate-strategy/">overall fuel consumption</a> as part of IAATO’s efforts to make the industry more climate-friendly. Some operators are now using hybrid vessels that can run partly on electric propulsion for short periods, reducing carbon dioxide emissions.</p> <h2>Returning from the ice: the ambassador effect</h2> <p>Famed travel writer Pico Iyer <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/17/t-magazine/travel-destinations-experiences.html?te=1&amp;nl=from-the-times&amp;emc=edit_ufn_20221127">recently wrote</a> of his experience in the deep south of the world. The visit, he said, “awakens you to the environmental concerns of the world … you go home with important questions for your conscience as well as radiant memories”. </p> <p>Iyer isn’t alone. This response is widespread, known in the industry as <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/polar-record/article/what-and-who-is-an-antarctic-ambassador/4943D999A9D58BC00D1705C110075163">Antarctic ambassadorship</a>. As you’d expect, this is <a href="https://iaato.org/antarctic-ambassadors/antarctic-ambassadors/">strongly promoted</a> by tourism operators as a positive. </p> <p>Is it real? That’s contentious. Studies on links between polar travel and pro-environmental behaviour have yielded <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0032247408007456">mixed results</a>. We are working with two operators to examine the Antarctic tourist experience and consider what factors might feed into a long-lasting ambassador effect. </p> <p>If you’re one of the tourists going to Antarctica this summer, enjoy the experience – but go with care. Be aware that no trip south comes without environmental cost and use this knowledge to make clear-eyed decisions about your activities both in Antarctica and once you’re safely back home.</p> <p><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p> <p><em>This article originally appeared on <a href="https://theconversation.com/more-than-100-000-tourists-will-head-to-antarctica-this-summer-should-we-worry-about-damage-to-the-ice-and-its-ecosystems-192843" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Conversation</a>. </em></p>

International Travel

Placeholder Content Image

Sleep away your weight loss worries

<p>By now, you’ve probably already heard about the countless health perks of getting a good night’s sleep.</p> <p>Not only is sleep linked with lower stress, better productivity, and a stronger immune system, but studies link good sleep with a healthier weight.</p> <p>The only question is, how many hours should you clock in to reap those benefits?</p> <p>To find out how sleep time affects diet during the day, researchers gathered 42 adults who admitted they don’t sleep much every night.</p> <p>Half of the participants stuck with their normal sleep schedule, while half were trained in sleep hygiene with the goal of helping them sleep an extra 90 minutes every night.</p> <p>All the volunteers wore wrist monitors to track their sleep time, plus kept food diaries and tracked their physical activity and energy levels.</p> <p>After four weeks, the group trained in good sleep habits added an average of 47 minutes between the time they fell asleep and woke up (26 minutes of which included nighttime wakefulness) compared to the group that didn’t change its schedule, according to the <a href="https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ajcn/nqx030/4794751">results</a> in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Plus, 86 percent started spending more time in bed, adding an extra 55 minutes on average.</p> <p>That extra sleep showed some real-world benefits that could help explain why lack of sleep is associated with obesity.</p> <p>The sleep-trained group ate an average of 176 fewer calories a day; in comparison, the control group ate only seven fewer calories every day.</p> <p>Best of all, those calories were cut from less healthy sources.</p> <p>Those who slept more cut ten grams of sugar from their diets every day, while the others changed their sugar intake by less than a gram.</p> <p>The newly better sleepers also ate reduced their daily carbs by 22 grams, while the shorter sleepers actually ate 3 more grams.</p> <p>Even with better sleep and dietary habits, the participants didn’t show much weight change over the course of the study, but the results are consistent with past research linking sleep with a healthy weight, like one <a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/10/101004211637.htm">study</a> that found people burn more fat when getting a full night’s rest. </p> <p>The researchers are optimistic that a little extra shut-eye could be the boost people need when trying to shed pounds.</p> <p>“Our results … suggest that increasing time in bed for an hour or so longer may lead to healthier food choices,” lead study author and nutrition science researcher Haya Al Khatib, PhD, <a href="https://www.kcl.ac.uk/newsevents/news/newsrecords/2018/01-January/Sleeping-for-longer-leads-to-a-healthier-diet.aspx">tells</a> King’s College London.</p> <p><em>Written by Marissa LaLiberte. This article first appeared in </em><a href="http://www.readersdigest.com.au/healthsmart/diet/sleep-away-your-weight-loss-worries"><em>Reader’s Digest</em>.</a><em> For more of what you love from the world’s best-loved magazine, </em><a href="http://readersdigest.innovations.co.nz/c/readersdigestemailsubscribe?utm_source=over60&utm_medium=articles&utm_campaign=RDSUB&keycode=WRN93V"><em>here’s our best subscription offer</em></a><em>.</em></p> <p><em>Image: Getty</em></p>

Body

Placeholder Content Image

Surfers not worried about shark attacks

<p>The sight of a dorsal fin knifing through the waves might send many swimming for the shore, but a survey of surfers shows it won’t deter many from catching a wave.</p> <p>A University of South Australia study published in Marine Policy reveals 44% of surfers say a shark sighting would not stop them from being in the water. While more than half of the 391 surfers surveyed had seen a shark while they out on the water, 60% were not afraid of the marine creatures.</p> <p>The survey also revealed more surfers have been bitten by sharks than we think.</p> <p>But the global survey of surfer attitudes towards sharks, undertaken by behavioural scientist Dr Brianna Le Busque, found surfers had generally positive views on these apex predators.</p> <p>Le Busque told Cosmos, to date there has been very little research on surfers’ perceptions of and interactions with sharks.</p> <p>“A lot of the shark policies, shark nets and things like that are implemented, in part to protect surfers. But there hasn’t really been a lot of research to actually ask them what they want,” she says.</p> <p>Le Busque says the study may help to change people’s negative perceptions of sharks. This is important because fear of sharks can act as a barrier to conserving them.</p> <p>“Shark conservation is important. As apex predators at the top of the food chain, if sharks become endangered or extinct this can have flow on effects for the entire ecosystem.”</p> <p>Globally, 100 million sharks are killed each year with a quarter of shark species threatened by extinction.</p> <p>But conserving sharks is complicated because they can harm humans, and many people fear them.</p> <p>“When people are afraid of sharks, they don’t want sharks to be conserved … it’s also a driving motivation for having certain shark policies. So things like shark culls, shark nets, they are implemented because of people’s fears of sharks,” Le Busque says.</p> <p>Le Busque says research indicates the public have a higher perception of risk when it comes to sharks, compared to the low likelihood of encountering one.</p> <p>Surfers’ relaxed views on sharks contrasted with those of the wider public. </p> <p>This was despite the survey finding quite a high share of surfers (17%) had been bitten, or knew someone who had been bitten by a shark. Le Busque says, this is quite a high percentage, higher than shark attack statistics suggest. </p> <p><strong>This article originally appeared on <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/nature/surfer-shark-survey/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cosmosmagazine.com</a> and was written by Petra Stock.</strong></p> <p><em>Image: Shutterstock</em></p>

Travel Trouble

Placeholder Content Image

9 things house guests notice and 9 things to please stop worrying about

<p><strong>Do it: Mop the kitchen floor</strong></p> <p>Make sure your floors are clean enough that your house guests aren’t scared to walk around without shoes on. “There’s nothing worse than walking into the kitchen and feeling like you’re stepping on crumbs or something sticky,” says Laura Bonucchi, director of interior design for Designed to SELL Homes, LLC.</p> <p><strong>Do it: Wipe down the bathroom</strong></p> <p>“Guests are definitely going to notice bathrooms because they’re going to be using them,” says Maeve Richmond, founder and coach of organising company Maeve’s Method. “It’s a good opportunity to look and see what the bathroom looks like, because that’s an area people take for granted. It’s hard to look at a bathroom with fresh eyes on a day-to-day basis.” Don’t go crazy, but absolutely make sure that the sink and toilet are clean, and that there’s toilet paper.</p> <p><strong>Do it: Offer fresh bathroom towels</strong></p> <p>If you’re having overnight guests, make sure each person has at least one clean bath towel and washcloth. Women might want a separate one for their hair, so give extras, and let guests know where to put their dirty towels, says Bonucchi. Even if your guests aren’t staying the night, having people over can be a reminder to switch out your dirty hand towels, says Richmond. “We need triggers in life,” she says. “Tying the idea of new hand towels to guests is a good way to get a dirty job done that may be overlooked otherwise.”</p> <p><strong>Do it: Open up dresser space</strong></p> <p>While you don’t have to clear out the guest room of every piece of clutter, you should make sure there’s enough space for your visitors to put their belongings. Provide hangers in the wardrobe, and empty out a few drawers. “As long as the room is open enough to get around and not overly cluttered – you just want a basic, comfortable room with a bed and a place to put their things,” says Bonucchi. If you really want to go above and beyond, a fresh flower and a magazine are small, hospitable touches your guests are sure to notice, she says.</p> <p><strong>Do it: Clear off the table</strong></p> <p>“So many people multiuse their table surfaces in life,” says Richmond. “The kitchen table is also used as a home office.” Instead of going through the time to look at every bill and paper – talk about overwhelming! – pick a spot in your home to be the temporary home for those sorts of files. After guests are gone, put the papers back to their original spot so you don’t forget about the unfinished business, says Richmond.</p> <p><strong>Do it: Get rid of odours</strong></p> <p>“Pay attention to the things you’ve gone nose blind to because you’re used to living in the house,” says Bonucchi. Especially if you’ve got pets, you might not notice a distracting odour in your home. Spritz a bit of air freshener, or light a candle in the kitchen and bathroom.</p> <p><strong>Do it: Clean out the fridge</strong></p> <p>You probably don’t think of the state of your fridge often, but visitors will peek in with a set of fresh eyes. To keep it looking fresh, take just five minutes to take out expired condiments and produce that’s past its prime, then quickly wipe down the shelves, says Richmond. “They’re things barely anyone thinks to do on a regular basis,” she says. “It’s a great incentive to clean up the other parts of the shelf.”</p> <p><strong>Do it: Offer a drink</strong></p> <p>Particularly if your guests have been travelling, they might be hungry or thirsty when they arrive, says Bonucchi. Offer them a drink or a snack once they’ve dropped off their belongings in their room.</p> <p><strong>Do it: Change the bed sheets</strong></p> <p>“Houseguests definitely notice sheets,” says Richmond. “How could they not, because they’ll be sleeping on this?” Prepare the guest bed with fresh bed sheets or linens that are free of rips and stains.</p> <p><strong>Skip it: Buying new linens</strong></p> <p>While you should always make sure the bedding is clean, don’t be embarrassed by the frumpy guest sheets your aunt gave you at your wedding. “In general, our stuff in our home tells a story of who we are,” says Richmond. “I enjoy seeing the sheets someone gives me because it gives me a sense of their life and home. It’s a cosy feeling to sleep on sheets you can tell someone has had for a while.”</p> <p><strong>Skip it: Hiding every toy</strong></p> <p>While no one would expect a parent’s home to look like a child has never stepped foot inside, consider designating one area of the house for playtime when you have guests around. “Of course children will continue to play and dump out toys, and there’s no stopping them from doing that because they’re living there too,” says Bonucchi. “Try and reign in the toys so they’re not all over the house.”</p> <p><strong>Skip it: Putting books on the shelf</strong></p> <p>Leaving your current weekend read or your favourite magazines lying around can spark conversation, making a good icebreaker for guests. “Guests, believe it or not, like to step into a home and see things that are real,” says Richmond. “To take away magazines and piles of books, you’re not representing who you are, and detracting from the experience of interacting with guests.”</p> <p><strong>Skip it: Dusting and vacuuming a clean home</strong></p> <p>If Sunday is your normal dusting day, don’t rush to get your chores done on Friday just because you have guests coming. As long as your home is generally clean, your guests probably won’t notice. But if you’re self-conscious about the state of your house, now is the time to put in some extra effort. “If you’re feeling uncertain or uncomfortable because you haven’t vacuumed or dusted in a while, do those because it will make you as a host feel more comfortable in your home when guests arrive,” says Richmond. “But you shouldn’t go crazy. They’re not there for the home – they’re there for you.”</p> <p><strong>Skip it: Making the mirror shine</strong></p> <p>Visitors likely won’t notice if your mirror is sparkling clean, so don’t stress if you don’t have time to wipe it down. That said, a sparkling mirror could give your home a subtle sense of cleanliness that makes a big impact. “If it’s clean, no one will know it’s been cleaned, but they will be gifted with a sense that the house is brighter, lighter and cleaner,” says Richmond.</p> <p><strong>Skip it: Cleaning the master bedroom</strong></p> <p>If you know your guests won’t be setting foot in the master bedroom, don’t bother cleaning it. “It’s better to focus on the parts of the house that they’re going to spend the most time in,” says Bonucchi.</p> <p><strong>Skip it: Completing unfinished projects</strong></p> <p>Being aware of how visitors see your home can make you panic about the things in your home in need of revamping. But don’t worry about painting that wall or fixing that leaky tap just because you’ll have people staying with you. “The idea of having house guests can trigger a lot of things for people,” says Richmond. “It’s great if the idea of having guests is motivating to finishing a project, but it doesn’t make sense in terms of a short-term house guest.” Warn your guests of things like faulty doorknobs so they don’t think they broke something, but don’t stress about doing all those odd jobs before they come.</p> <p><strong>Skip it: Getting details spotless</strong></p> <p>You might be tempted to get your entire house spotless to prepare for visitors, but making sure you have basic amenities like toilet paper and towels should be your priority. No need to bother deep cleaning your skirting boards or windows. “It’s not stressing out about those fine details,” says Bonucchi. “It’s overall paying attention to the common comforts that people expect when they’re staying somewhere.”</p> <p><strong>Skip it: Buying new home goods</strong></p> <p>“Having people over is the number-one panic inducer for people when it comes to their homes,” says Richmond. But that doesn’t mean you need to rush out for a new shower curtain or dish container, she says. As long as the space is clean, it doesn’t need to be stylish.</p> <p><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p> <p><em>This article originally appeared on <a href="https://www.readersdigest.co.nz/food-home-garden/home-tips/9-things-house-guests-notice-and-9-things-to-please-stop-worrying-about?pages=1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Reader's Digest</a>. </em></p>

Home & Garden

Placeholder Content Image

Worrying photo sparks fresh concerns for Queen Elizabeth's health

<p>The public has seen their first glimpse of Queen Elizabeth in almost 8 weeks as she appointed Britain's new prime minister in an official engagement.</p> <p>Rather than taking place at Buckingham Palace as per tradition, the ceremony was held inside the green-carpeted drawn room at Balmoral Castle in Scotland. </p> <p>The monarch was supported by her walking cane as she invited Liz Truss, Her Majesty's 15th prime minister in her 70-year-reign, to form a new government.</p> <p>Despite Her Majesty looking lively and happy during the meeting, people were quick to spot the large bruise on the Queen's hand, reigniting concerns about the monarch's health. </p> <p>ITV's royal editor Chris Ship said the bruising was a sign of changing times in the Queen's advancing years.</p> <p>"I'm no medic but it could be some form of cannula that the Queen's had, we are guessing," Ship told <em>Today</em>.</p> <p>"Buckingham Palace never tells us about her ongoing medical conditions. She's 96 years old. A frail lady, let's be clear. And queen of advancing age.</p> <p> </p> <p>"We're going to get used to the constitutional diary having to be changed to suit the needs of an ageing monarch."</p> <p>The decision to call outgoing leader Boris Johnson, and his replacement, to Balmoral was taken due to the Queen's comfort.</p> <p>Reports claim that the Queen has been advised against excessive travelling, having reportedly endured "a change in the past few weeks" in her mobility, <a title="The Telegraph" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/09/06/queens-balmoral-audience-liz-truss-sign-changing-times/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Telegraph</a> UK reports.</p> <p><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p>

Caring

Placeholder Content Image

Multiple people found dead or injured over worrying TikTok trend

<p>A couple from Wisconsin USA have been electrocuted after attempting a popular but dangerous wood-burning technique.</p> <p>The “fractal burning” technique creates lightning-like etchings by using jumper cables and disassembled microwave oven parts to run high-voltage electricity through a piece of wood soaked in a chemical solution.</p> <p>Some may think this sounds like a lot of effort for a DIY project however, the technique is gaining popularity through viral videos on Instagram, TikTok and YouTube, but woodworking experts have warned that it is extremely dangerous and can be deadly.</p> <p>Tanya Rodriguez, 44, and James Carolfi, 52, were found dead in a house fire on April the 6th. Their bodies were discovered in the garage of their home in Marathon County, Wisconsin.</p> <p>The couple had died before the fire started, and the Marathon County Sheriff’s Office initially described the cause of their deaths and the fire as “suspicious”.</p> <p>The mysterious circumstances prompted weeks of arson and homicide investigation and the sheriff’s office, fire marshals and the Wisconsin State Crime Laboratory found that Rodriguez and Carolfi died by accidental electrocution when they attempted the dangerous wood-burning technique.</p> <p>The couple used a disassembled microwave oven for a power supply.</p> <p>Authorities believe the equipment that caused the electrocutions also caused the fire, which started in the garage before it spread.</p> <p>Some fractal burning art is crafted by professionals with experience as electricians and access to proper equipment. But many attempting the popular project take apart microwaves or car batteries to use as power sources. Even with professional equipment there is still a risk.</p> <p>At least 33 people have died from fractal burning attempts since 2016 and while the patterns created by fractal burning are “very pretty, quite frankly, the dangers of the craft cannot be ignored.”</p> <p><em>Image: Getty</em></p>

Caring

Placeholder Content Image

Planning, stress and worry put the mental load on mothers – will 2022 be the year they share the burden?

<p>The COVID pandemic has made the very private issue of the domestic division of labour – the way housework and childcare are divided – a very public issue.</p> <p>During lockdowns, the burden of housework and childcare grew significantly for men and women in <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/gwao.12497">opposite-sex</a> and <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/08912432211001303">same-sex couples</a> both in Australia and <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/gwao.12727">elsewhere</a>.</p> <p>Overnight, homes became offices, childcare centres and makeshift schools and it was mothers who largely stepped into these teaching and caring roles at the expense of their <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1097184X21990737">anxiety levels and sleep</a>.</p> <p>While the pandemic exacerbated the physical demands of care – housework and childcare – it also exacerbated another part of the work that keeps households and families running: the mental load.</p> <h2>What is the mental load?</h2> <p>A lot has been written about the mental load over the past two years, with many confusing the mental load with household labour – cleaning and cooking or caring after children – or planning tasks involved with childcare. But the mental load is so much more.</p> <p>In our recently published <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13668803.2021.2002813">research</a>, we define the mental load as the combination of two types of work or labour: <em>cognitive labour</em> and <em>emotional labour</em>.</p> <p><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/437061/original/file-20211212-13-131ekhu.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt="Mother organises things on her phone, while looking after kids at the kitchen table." /> <span class="caption">The mental load is more than just planning.</span> <span class="attribution"><a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/L8oEIAZ59_g" class="source">Vitolda Klein/Unsplash</a></span></p> <p>The cognitive aspect of the mental load involves the <em>scheduling</em>, <em>planning</em>, and <em>organising</em> required to support the smooth operating of families. This type of work ranges from organising a play date to planning dinner.</p> <p>We argue this cognitive work becomes <em>a load</em> or the mental load when it has an emotional element, for example, when there is worry or stress attached to these tasks.</p> <p>Some have described list-making as the mental load, but list-making isn’t always stressful or emotional and, importantly, list-making has a finite beginning and end.</p> <p>But, once cognitive tasks like list-making take on an emotional element – like worry about whether Nana will like her present, anxiety about how relatives will get along at holiday dinners and stress about filling stockings while finishing work – then it becomes the mental load.</p> <h2>How does the mental load operate?</h2> <p>We argue the mental load operates in families and societies in three ways.</p> <p><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/437068/original/file-20211212-23-f80euq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=237&amp;fit=clip" alt="Busy woman sits at a cafe on her computer, talking on the phone." /> <span class="caption">The mental load can be performed anywhere, anytime.</span> <span class="attribution"><a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/u_9ANn3JpVU" class="source">Aviv Rachmadian/Unsplash</a></span></p> <p>First it’s <em>invisible</em> – it’s the type of work that is done internally. Unlike housework or childcare, it’s unseen and therefore hard to recognise.</p> <p>Second, the mental load is <em>boundaryless</em>. Because it’s invisible, it can be performed anywhere or at anytime.</p> <p>American sociologist Arlie Hochschild termed women’s domestic labour done after work as the “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Second_Shift">second shift</a>” but the mental load has no shifts – it can be done before, during and after work or even during time that should be spent sleeping.</p> <p>And lastly, the mental load is <em>enduring</em>, meaning it never ends. Unlike housework such as like cooking or cleaning, thinking and caring about family members never ends, which is why the mental load can be so burdensome and Nana still reminds you to take a jacket.</p> <h2>How can we lessen mental loads in 2022 and beyond?</h2> <p>Individuals and society can do a number of things to decrease the mental load.</p> <p><strong>1) Make the mental load more visible by quantifying it</strong></p> <p>We have no robust, standardised and nationally representative measure of the mental load. This means, unlike housework and childcare, we have no idea the volume and consequences of the mental load for Australians.</p> <p>Recent reports on <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/dec/07/women-do-21-hours-more-unpaid-work-than-men-study-suggests">housework</a> show women do 21 more hours of unpaid work than men. They may also spend the bulk of the day thinking about, planning and worrying about their families.</p> <p><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/437063/original/file-20211212-27-yirblq.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt="Older woman rides a bike through a cobble-stone street." /> <span class="caption">The mental load can last long after your children have left home.</span> <span class="attribution"><a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/Q1KRS5xRGfM" class="source">Clem Onojeghuo</a></span></p> <p>Yet, we have no measure of this labour and, importantly, we don’t know how men carry the mental load either.</p> <p>Quantifying and capturing how much time we spend on the mental load and how this is shared between couples will help lay the groundwork for change.</p> <p><strong>2) Acknowledge the toll on women</strong></p> <p>The pandemic has left workers burnt out, stressed and overwhelmed by the intensity of balancing work, homeschooling and full-time care demands while isolated at home.</p> <p>It’s no wonder the pandemic has knocked <a href="https://arts.unimelb.edu.au/the-policy-lab/projects/projects/worsening">mothers out of employment</a>.</p> <p>Mothers are exhausted not only from the physical demands of work and family but also the cognitive labour of holding it all together at work while worrying about torpedoing children’s educational futures from keeping them home, alone and glued to screens.</p> <p>The mental load, as the unrelenting internal nag, is a drain on well-being with serious consequences for economic productivity and fatigue.</p> <p>The mental load is a national health emergency and should be treated seriously by workplaces and governments alike.</p> <p><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/437065/original/file-20211212-21-zc03ez.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt="Woman concentrates on a computer while working from home." /> <span class="caption">The mental load affects women’s health and productivity.</span> <span class="attribution"><a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/g9KFpAfQ5bc" class="source">Annie Spratt/Unsplash</a></span></p> <p><strong>3) Help families better reconcile work and family demands</strong></p> <p>Both organisations and governments need to be better at helping families combine their work and care responsibilities. The mental load overloads women (and some men) particularly at work when they are thinking and worrying about their children’s needs.</p> <p>Workplaces need to improve support for families to lessen the mental load. This may mean more working remotely or concrete programs to support workers’ mental loads. This is also likely to improve workers’ productivity.</p> <p>At the same time, governments need to provide better care infrastructure to support families, for example more universal affordable childcare, supports for transitioning children to and from school, and better aged care. This will lessen workers’ worries about the experiences of loved ones while they’re engaged in paid work.</p> <p>Ultimately, the mental load is a mental health issue and companies and governments should treat it as such. This will unburden families, and particularly mothers, from managing the mental load alone.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/172599/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/leah-ruppanner-106371">Leah Ruppanner</a>, Associate Professor in Sociology and Co-Director of The Policy Lab, <em><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/the-university-of-melbourne-722">The University of Melbourne</a></em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/brendan-churchill-3035">Brendan Churchill</a>, ARC Research Fellow and Lecturer in Sociology, <em><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/the-university-of-melbourne-722">The University of Melbourne</a></em>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/liz-dean-189942">Liz Dean</a>, Lecturer in Sociology Program, <em><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/the-university-of-melbourne-722">The University of Melbourne</a></em></span></p> <p>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/planning-stress-and-worry-put-the-mental-load-on-mothers-will-2022-be-the-year-they-share-the-burden-172599">original article</a>.</p> <p><em>Image: Rich Smith/Unsplash</em></p>

Family & Pets

Placeholder Content Image

The real reason to worry about sharks in Australian waters this summer: 1 in 8 are endangered

<p>If you’re heading to the beach this summer, the thought of sharks might cross your mind. I don’t mean wondering whether a shark will take you for dinner (that’s very, very unlikely) but rather, how these remarkable creatures are faring in the marine ecosystem.</p> <p>I recently led the first complete assessment of all species of sharks, rays and ghost sharks in Australian waters. My team and I found while most species are secure, about 12%, or 39 species, are threatened with extinction.</p> <p>No country has a higher diversity of sharks than Australia. That means we have a special responsibility to protect them from threats such as fishing and damage to their marine habitat.</p> <p>To prevent shark extinctions on our watch, Australia must invest far more heavily to close vast knowledge gaps and ensure threatened species are protected and recovered.</p> <p><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/425737/original/file-20211011-25-16shqs7.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt="a stingray" /> <span class="caption">The research examined all species of sharks, rays and ghost sharks found in Australian waters, including the bluespotted fantail ray, pictured.</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Simon Pierce</span></span></p> <h2>Ancient ocean dwellers</h2> <p>Sharks are an ancient lineage of fishes that have roamed the oceans for around <a href="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/shark-evolution-a-450-million-year-timeline.html">450 million years</a>. They occupy tropical, temperate and polar marine waters, while a small number have adapted to live in freshwater.</p> <p>Sharks and their relatives, rays and ghost sharks, are known as cartilaginous fishes. Some 328 of the world’s cartilaginous fishes – comprising one-quarter of the world’s total – occur in Australian waters, including the sub-Antarctic and Antarctic waters. Of these, 138 are found nowhere else on Earth.</p> <p>Globally, sharks face a dire conservation crisis. About <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/">32% of species</a> are threatened with extinction and less than half are assessed as “Least Concern” (not at risk of extinction).</p> <p>The main threats around the world are overfishing combined with <a href="https://www.cms.int/en/publication/sharks-ahead-realizing-potential-convention-migratory-species-conserve-elasmobranchs-0">inadequate management</a> such as a lack of fishing regulations, weak protections for threatened species and poor implementation of international agreements.</p> <p>Australia’s relatively better position is a <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsx113">result</a> of a long history of ocean policy and fisheries management. Australia also has extensive areas with only <a href="https://www.awe.gov.au/abares/research-topics/fisheries/fishery-status-reports#full-report">limited or no fishing pressure</a> as well as a representative network of <a href="https://parksaustralia.gov.au/marine/">marine parks</a>.</p> <p>But some regions, particularly waters off Australia’s southeast, have experienced <a href="https://www.awe.gov.au/abares/research-topics/fisheries/fishery-status-reports#full-report">high</a> levels of fishing pressure which threaten some species.</p> <p><a href="https://www.nespmarine.edu.au/system/files/Shark_Action_Plan_FINAL_Sept7_2021_WEB_RGB.pdf">Other threats</a> to sharks in Australian waters include shark control measures in some states, habitat degradation, aquaculture and climate change.</p> <p><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/425734/original/file-20211011-23-1cp10rw.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt="" /> <span class="caption">Sharks rays and ghost sharks are known as cartilaginous fishes. Pictured: the threatened Melbourne Skate.</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Ian Shaw</span></span></p> <h2>What the research found</h2> <p>The <a href="https://www.nespmarine.edu.au/news/threatened-shark-species-%E2%80%98out-sight-out-mind%E2%80%99-first-complete-national-assessment-australia%E2%80%99s#overlay-context=theme/theme-threatened-and-migratory-species">research</a> I led examined the national status of Australian sharks.</p> <p>The news is a lot brighter than the global situation. Of all sharks occurring in Australian waters, 70% were assessed as “Least Concern”.</p> <p>But we identified 39 Australian shark species threatened with extinction. And worryingly, most lack the protection or conservation plans needed for their populations to recover.</p> <p>For example, only nine of the species are listed as threatened under Australia’s federal environment law, the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act.</p> <p>We identified five species where the data is robust enough to pass the threatened species nomination process, and recommend federal authorities consider these species for immediate listing. They consist of:</p> <ul> <li>greeneye spurdog</li> <li>eastern angelshark</li> <li>whitefin swellshark</li> <li>narrow sawfish</li> <li>Australian longnose skate.</li> </ul> <p>However, this still leaves a group of under-studied threatened species at risk of slipping through the cracks, because not enough data exists to support official listing nominations. We identified 12 species facing this predicament.</p> <p>For example, we assessed three species of small rays from southeast Australia, known as <a href="https://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/family/334">stingarees</a>, as vulnerable to extinction due to commercial fishing. The species’ decline has been recorded since the <a href="https://www.publish.csiro.au/mf/MF99174">late 1990s</a>. However, nominations to be listed as threatened under federal law will require more data, particularly contemporary catch levels and trends.</p> <p>As with many other species we identified, there is currently no mechanism – or dedicated funding – in place to ensure such data is collected.</p> <p><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/436576/original/file-20211209-27-1bianty.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt="A small shark" /> <span class="caption">Colclough’s Shark, a rare threatened shark at risk of falling through the cracks.</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Nigel Marsh</span></span></p> <h2>How to save Australian sharks</h2> <p>Major investment is needed to recover Australia’s threatened sharks. Using the <a href="https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/conl.12682?af=R">mean estimated cost</a> of recovering a threatened fish species and accounting for <a href="https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/">inflation</a>, I calculate the cost at about A$114 million each year.</p> <p>The figure represents about 0.3% of the national defence budget – a benchmark against which the costs of environmental action are often <a href="https://theconversation.com/australia-could-green-its-degraded-landscapes-for-just-6-of-what-we-spend-on-defence-168807">compared</a>.</p> <p>More broadly, financial investment in threatened species in Australia has been shown to be <a href="https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/conl.12682?af=R">inadequate</a>.</p> <p>Recent federal funding announcements include <a href="https://www.pm.gov.au/media/australia-announces-100-million-initiative-protect-our-oceans">A$100 million</a> to protect oceans and $57 million linked to the national <a href="https://minister.awe.gov.au/ley/media-releases/national-strategy-protect-threatened-species">threatened species strategy</a>. This comes nowhere near the level of investment required.</p> <p>Australia urgently needs a dedicated, adequately resourced fund with the aim of recovering and delisting threatened species. Such a fund should support the recovery planning process – in contrast to current federal government moves to scrap recovery plans for nearly <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/18/coalition-plans-to-scrap-recovery-plans-for-200-endangered-species-and-habitats">200 threatened species</a>.</p> <p>Our research is a call to action to secure all Australia’s sharks. It provides a benchmark from which changes can be measured, and hopefully will help guide management to prevent extinctions.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/161352/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/peter-kyne-118871">Peter Kyne</a>, Senior Research Fellow in conservation biology, <em><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/charles-darwin-university-1066">Charles Darwin University</a></em></span></p> <p>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/the-real-reason-to-worry-about-sharks-in-australian-waters-this-summer-1-in-8-are-endangered-161352">original article</a>.</p> <p><em>Image: Andrew Fox</em></p>

Domestic Travel

Placeholder Content Image

We calculated the impact of ‘long COVID’ as Australia opens up. Even without Omicron, we’re worried

<p>Over the past two years, we’ve learned COVID-19 survivors can develop a range of longer-term symptoms we now call “<a href="https://theconversation.com/long-covid-a-public-health-experts-campaign-to-understand-the-disease-152212">long COVID</a>”. This includes people who did not have severe illness initially.</p> <p>Such <a href="https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-Post_COVID-19_condition-Clinical_case_definition-2021.1">longer-term symptoms</a> can affect multiple systems in the body. This can result in ongoing, severe fatigue plus a wide range of other symptoms, including pain, as well as breathing, neurological, sleep and mental health problems.</p> <p>So far, Australia has had far fewer COVID-19 cases than many other nations. But as we <a href="https://www.australia.gov.au/framework-national-reopening">re-open</a>, this situation may change. So we will likely see more long COVID in the months and years ahead.</p> <p>Our research, which we posted <a href="https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-1066181/v1">online as a pre-print</a> and so has yet to be independently verified, examined the shifting burden of disease of COVID-19 as Australia re-opens and as high vaccination rates reduce mortality and severe illness.</p> <p>We show how long COVID will increasingly drive the burden of COVID illness, even as death rates decline.</p> <p>We <a href="https://iht.deakin.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/sites/153/2021/12/Briefing-Paper_Long-Covid_Final.pdf">also estimate</a> the likely numbers of long COVID cases we can expect in Australia over the two years following reopening.</p> <p>We wrote this <a href="https://iht.deakin.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/sites/153/2021/12/Briefing-Paper_Long-Covid_Final.pdf">briefing paper</a> before the rise of Omicron, the impact of which we’re yet to fully understand.</p> <h2>Here’s what we did and what we found</h2> <p>We examined the 2021 Delta outbreaks in <a href="https://www.coronavirus.vic.gov.au/victorian-coronavirus-covid-19-data">Victoria</a> and <a href="https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/covid-19/Documents/covid-19-surveillance-report-20211111.pdf">New South Wales</a> in which nearly 140,000 people had been infected by the end of October.</p> <p>We estimated long COVID prevalence using two sources. A large dataset <a href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/conditionsanddiseases/bulletins/prevalenceofongoingsymptomsfollowingcoronaviruscovid19infectionintheuk/1april2021">from the UK</a> found more than 13% of people had symptoms after 12 weeks. A much smaller study <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666606521001024?via%3Dihub">conducted in NSW</a> found about 5% had symptoms over roughly the same period.</p> <p>Our modelling suggests, by the end of October, the combined Victoria and NSW outbreaks may <a href="https://iht.deakin.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/sites/153/2021/12/Briefing-Paper_Long-Covid_Final.pdf">have already led to</a> 9,450–19,800 people having developed long COVID that could last 12 weeks after their COVID infection.</p> <p>Even more will have experienced long COVID symptoms for a shorter time: 34,000-44,500 people will likely have symptoms for at least three weeks after first becoming ill, but our model indicates more than half will then recover over the following nine weeks.</p> <p>We also estimated the likely consequences for long COVID if we follow Australia’s national re-opening plan, based on interim modelling from the <a href="https://www.doherty.edu.au/uploads/content_doc/DOHERTY_MODELLING_INTERIM_REPORT_TO_NATIONAL_CABINET_17TH_SEPTEMBER_2021.pdf">Doherty Institute</a>, which has since been updated.</p> <p>The Doherty Institute modelled various scenarios with different vaccination rates and public health measures in place. These gave different estimates of COVID-19 cases. We combined these with our upper and lower estimates for long COVID prevalence.</p> <p>We calculated that more limited relaxation of public health measures could generate 10,000-34,000 long COVID cases (people with symptoms lasting at least 12 weeks). More complete relaxation of public health measures could lead to 60,000-133,000 long COVID cases.</p> <p>Based on the longer-term UK data for long COVID prevalence, we calculated 2,000-11,000 people might still be sick a year after their initial infection.</p> <p> </p> <p>What we cannot be absolutely certain about is the impact of vaccination on the expected number of long COVID cases. Some studies suggest that if vaccinated people become infected, this reduces their chance of developing long COVID, but <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-03495-2">the evidence remains uncertain</a>.</p> <h2>Many impacts, beyond health</h2> <p>Long COVID can be a debilitating and distressing health condition. It also has a number of economic impacts, for the health system and people’s ability to work.</p> <p>For instance, people with long COVID require <a href="https://ahha.asn.au/publication/health-policy-issue-briefs/deeble-issues-brief-no-40-managing-long-term-health">coordinated care</a> across a range of different health services and specialties.</p> <p>Recent data from the UK’s <a href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/conditionsanddiseases/bulletins/prevalenceofongoingsymptomsfollowingcoronaviruscovid19infectionintheuk/2december2021">Office for National Statistics</a> indicate that around 1.2 million people reported long COVID symptoms in the four weeks to the end of October. The UK health secretary <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/health/sajid-javid-long-covid-nhs-b1934861.html">said he was alarmed</a> at the growing scale of this problem for the National Health Service.</p> <p>Indeed, attempts to provide long COVID care through specialised hospital-based clinics in the UK and elsewhere have led to <a href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/long-queues-for-long-covid-clinics-jk8jr7tt6">long waiting times and uneven access</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/436524/original/file-20211209-23-1lleiea.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip"><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/436524/original/file-20211209-23-1lleiea.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt="Exhausted health worker leaning on hospital wall holding cup of coffee" /></a> <span class="caption">Health systems will be under strain, particularly if health workers are struggling with long COVID.</span> <span class="attribution"><a href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/portrait-tired-exhausted-nurse-doctor-having-1698233623" class="source">Shutterstock</a></span></p> <p>By contrast, Australia needs to <a href="https://ahha.asn.au/publication/health-policy-issue-briefs/deeble-issues-brief-no-40-managing-long-term-health">focus urgently on</a> identifying and counting long COVID. It also needs to establish mechanisms to coordinate care for long COVID by mobilising resources across the community and private sectors, not just public hospitals.</p> <p>Meeting the emerging needs of people with long COVID represents an additional burden on health-care systems <a href="https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2021/215/11/entering-australias-third-year-covid-19">already battered</a> by COVID and rapidly rising backlogs of care for other conditions.</p> <p>If health-care workers are <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33830208/">particularly at risk</a> of long COVID as some people claim, this will further stretch health systems as they take time out to recover or leave the workforce.</p> <p>Beyond health care, long COVID again highlights weaknesses which were made clear early in the COVID-19 pandemic, but which have not yet been remedied.</p> <p>COVID-19 has <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/datablog/2021/oct/12/delta-deaths-expose-australias-great-disadvantage-divide">more severely affected</a> those who are socially and economically disadvantaged, and who rely on insecure employment. We expect long COVID to continue to be over-represented in this already disadvantaged population.</p> <h2>Avoiding COVID-19 in the first place</h2> <p>While societies around the world grapple with addressing the types of disadvantage the pandemic has exposed, there are several steps individual people can take to minimise their risk of long COVID.</p> <p>Obviously, this means minimising your risk of COVID-19 in the first place. This means vaccination, mask wearing where appropriate, and complying with other public health measures.</p> <p>Meanwhile, if you test positive for COVID-19, isolate early, rest and do not return to work until you have fully recovered.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/168662/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/martin-hensher-856597">Martin Hensher</a>, Associate Professor of Health Systems Financing &amp; Organisation, <em><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/deakin-university-757">Deakin University</a></em> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/mary-rose-angeles-1274581">Mary Rose Angeles</a>, Associate Research Fellow, Health System Financing and Sustainability, <em><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/deakin-university-757">Deakin University</a></em></span></p> <p>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/we-calculated-the-impact-of-long-covid-as-australia-opens-up-even-without-omicron-were-worried-168662">original article</a>.</p> <p><em>Image: Shutterstock</em></p>

Caring

Placeholder Content Image

Apple customers worried about safety of new AirTag technology

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Tech giant Apple has copped global criticism after their new gadget held crucial security concerns. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The AirTag is the latest accessory from Apple, which is a button-sized electronic device that can be attached like a keychain to valuables such as a wallet or keys, and can be linked to your Apple device to help locate the items when lost. </span></p> <p><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/05/05/apple-airtags-stalking/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Washington Post</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, among other sceptics of the new tech, pointed out the design flaw of the device after its release in early 2021, warning users it could be “frighteningly easy” for stalkers to take advantage.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A series of tests conducted by online tech reviewers pointed out how easy it could be for stalkers to place the AirTag on someone without their knowledge and then track their whereabouts. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“AirTags are a new means of inexpensive, effective stalking. I know because I tested AirTags by letting a </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Washington Post</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> colleague pretend to stalk me,” the review said.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Eva Galperin, cybersecurity director at the Electronic Frontier Foundation, has long advocated for more awareness on the dangers of tracking technology. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“I don’t expect products to be perfect the moment they hit the market, but I don’t think they would have made the choices that they did if they had consulted even a single expert in intimate partner abuse,” she said.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">After an influx of global criticism against the AirTag, Apple’s new iOS 15.2 update has made moves to remedy the possibility of stalking, by giving users access to detect “items that can track me” from their chosen Apple devices. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Within the Find My app, there is a new “unknown items” option that can scan for rogue devices the user may be unaware of in their vicinity, alerting people to suspicious activity. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“These are an industry-first, strong set of proactive deterrents,” Kaiann Drance, Apple’s vice president of iPhone marketing, said in an interview. “It’s a smart and tuneable system, and we can continue improving the logic and timing so that we can improve the set of deterrents.”</span></p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Image credits: Getty Images</span></em></p>

Technology