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Doggone it! Groom's passport eaten by pup just days ahead of international wedding

<p>A couple's dream wedding abroad has been put in jeopardy after their cheeky golden retriever destroyed the groom-to-be's passport just weeks before their big day. </p> <p>Donato Frattaroli and his fiancée Magda, from Boston in the US, have planned their dream nuptials in Italy, with their big day coming up on August 31st. </p> <p>The couple went to city hall to fill out the intention of marriage forms a week before they were set to fly out, when Donato realised their dog, a golden retriever named Chickie, has destroyed his passport. </p> <p>The dog had chewed through several pages of the passport, rendering it completely useless. </p> <p>Donato said that Chickie, short for chicken cutlet, knew the damage she had caused.</p> <p>"She kinda knew what she did and all of a sudden, she got really cuddly, you know, head on the lap kind of thing," he told <a href="https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/living/story/dog-eats-groom-bes-passport-weeks-international-wedding-102418832" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>Good Morning America</em></a>. </p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr" lang="en">Dog ate my ... passport?!</p> <p>A Boston couple’s golden retriever chewed through multiple pages of groom Donatto Frattaroli’s passport just days before they were set to fly to Italy for their wedding. <a href="https://t.co/LN7fhOtOr7">pic.twitter.com/LN7fhOtOr7</a></p> <p>— Good Morning America (@GMA) <a href="https://twitter.com/GMA/status/1693596934467191192?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">August 21, 2023</a></p></blockquote> <p>Donato has now contacted state officials to help them get to the altar in Italy in time.</p> <p>"I'm just a little stressed," Frattaroli said. </p> <p>"Luckily, Congressman (Stephen) Lynch's office and Senator (Ed) Markey's office have been super responsive. They've been in touch, at least with me and the State Department, to try to expedite things and get a new passport."</p> <p>"Keep my fingers crossed and, hopefully, everything will work itself out."</p> <p>Donato attended a passport appointment on Monday to get the important document, and is crossing his fingers it arrives before their flight departs on Friday. </p> <p>The couple told local Boston news outlet WCVB that if Frattaroli's passport replacement doesn't come in time, Magda and their wedding guests will travel to Italy without Frattaroli and he'll welcome them all home when they return to the US.</p> <p><em>Image credits: Good Morning America / WCVB TV</em></p>

Travel Trouble

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5 international cities you should never visit alone

<p>It’s no secret that there are plenty of corners of the world that, while incredible to experience as a tourist, aren’t particularly safe to visit if you’re travelling alone.</p> <p>From taxi scams to pickpockets, gang violence and civil unrest, these locations present threats many travellers aren’t aware of when they’re booking their flight.</p> <p>We’re going to look at five cities you shouldn’t travel alone in. If one of these cities finds its way into your itinerary, make sure you bring a friend (and travel insurance)!</p> <p><strong>1. Mexico City, Mexico</strong></p> <p>One of the largest metropolitan areas in the world, Mexico City fascinates first time visitors with its size and scope. And while it’s generally easily accessible, the city has something of a violent streak at night with muggings and pickpockets a constant problem.</p> <p><strong>2. Lima, Peru</strong></p> <p>The gateway to Machu Picchu, Lima has a vibrant food scene and many enchanting attractions for anyone looking to experience South America. But, due partly to the high tourist numbers, illegal taxi services and hijackings have become a big problem.</p> <p><strong>3. New Delhi, India</strong></p> <p>Sprawling, chaotic, yet endlessly fascinating, New Delhi is a must-visit location for anyone exploring the ins and outs of the sub-continent. Unfortunately however, it’s not the safest place to visit by yourself, with sexual assaults a huge problem in the city.</p> <p><strong>4. Jakarta, Indonesia</strong></p> <p>A popular destination for many holidaymakers, Jakarta offers travellers a unique tropical getaway. That being said, there are many threats that can turn a dream holiday into a nightmare. Terrorism and kidnappings in the region are particularly problematic.</p> <p><strong>5. Bogota, Colombia</strong></p> <p>The vibrant, historic capital of Colombia produces some of the finest coffee in the world. However, it’s also one of the most dangerous places for western travellers, with terrorist organisations, drug cartels and armed street gangs a persistent problem.</p> <p><em>Image credit: Shutterstock</em></p>

International Travel

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The ultimate international travel checklist

<p dir="ltr">If you’re travelling overseas, there’s a lot more to consider than if you’re exploring your own country. Here’s a checklist for sensible travel. </p> <p dir="ltr"><strong>Check your passport</strong></p> <p dir="ltr">Can you imagine booking a flight only to get to the airport and realise your passport is out of date? In general, you need a valid passport for at least six months before entering a foreign country, so make sure you’re up to date and then some!</p> <p dir="ltr"><strong>Apply for visas</strong></p> <p dir="ltr">If you need a visa for your destination, apply as early as possible. Have a look if there are any entry or exit fees for the country you’re going to as well. These are often worked into your ticket price, but it’s handy to know if you’ll need cash at the airport.</p> <p dir="ltr"><strong>Manage your documents</strong></p> <p dir="ltr">Make copies of all important documents required for you to head overseas. Documents such as your passport, tickets, itineraries, reservations, travel insurance policies, credit cards and vaccination certificates. Store them together, so you’re prepared before you even get to the airport.</p> <p dir="ltr"><strong>Dress for the weather</strong></p> <p dir="ltr">Have a look at the weather report before you leave; you could be flying to a country where the seasons are the opposite, so make sure you’re packing your clothes accordingly.</p> <p dir="ltr"><strong>Figure out the cultural dos and don’ts</strong></p> <p dir="ltr">Some countries have cultural considerations you need to be aware of. You don’t want to offend the locals or come across as disrespectful or ignorant. It’s also a good idea to check out the laws in the country you’re going to as you could be more vulnerable to danger. </p> <p dir="ltr">It’s always best to be well-prepped before a trip, but don’t forget to have fun!<span id="docs-internal-guid-ec9463e9-7fff-e189-2c95-7a4df7da5a2f"></span></p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Image credit: Shutterstock</em></p>

International Travel

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Stunning winners of the 2023 International Wedding Photographer of the Year awards

<p dir="ltr">The winners of the sixth annual International <a href="https://iwpoty.com/2022-winners-gallery/">Wedding Photographer of the Year</a> awards have been announced, with the grand winner going to a dedicated Aussie photographer. </p> <p dir="ltr">This year there were 10 categories in the competition, such as best solo portrait and dance floor photo, as well as an overall grand winner and a runner-up. </p> <p dir="ltr">The winning image was taken by Dee Kampe, who was photographing her first wedding out of lockdown when we captured the sweet moment between newlyweds Liana and Jono. </p> <p dir="ltr">“After a year of being in and out of Melbourne’s notorious Covid-19 lockdowns, Liana and Jono’s wedding was my first wedding post-lockdown and this image is all the more sentimental to me for that reason,” Dee said. </p> <p dir="ltr">“We were setting up for portraits when a strong gust of wind unexpectedly took off with Liana’s veil. While Jono went racing after it, Liana, amused by the whole debacle laughed and embraced the situation for what it was. I instinctively began photographing and this frame was captured a few seconds into the veil’s escape.”</p> <p dir="ltr">“Did they get the veil back? Yes they did. After lifting some 50 metres into the air we assumed it was long gone, but it had come to rest half-way up a telephone pole on the opposite side of the street. But that’s another story.”</p> <p dir="ltr">This year’s categories included dance floor, epic location, black and white, bridal party, from above, single capture, solo portrait, lit, and non-wedding/engagement. </p> <p dir="ltr"><em>All image credits: International Wedding Photographer of the Year awards</em></p>

Relationships

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The real reason liquids over 100ml can’t be brought onto international flights

<p dir="ltr">One thing most people keep in mind when setting off on an international holiday is to condense any liquids in their carry-on to 100ml or less, or run the risk of it being thrown out by security.</p> <p dir="ltr">This goes for bottles of water, makeup, skincare, and other liquid toiletries, as well as big bottles of hand sanitiser or the coffee you bought on the way to the airport. </p> <p dir="ltr">While we accept this is a part of boarding an international flight, a lot of people don’t know the reasoning behind the strict rules. </p> <p dir="ltr">So, why can’t we take liquids over 100ml in our carry-on on an overseas flight?</p> <p dir="ltr">A Department of Home Affairs and Australian Border Force spokesperson told <a href="https://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-advice/why-liquids-over-100ml-need-to-be-tossed-for-international-flights/news-story/385fc9198465d82812f04d000c4f339c">news.com.au</a> restrictions on the volume of liquids, aerosols and gels were introduced in many countries around the world, including Australia, following the disruption of a terrorist plot in the UK back in 2006.</p> <p dir="ltr">The 2006 transatlantic aircraft plot targeted various aircrafts with specific liquid explosives.</p> <p dir="ltr">“[And as such] screening measures restrictions on what can be carried on board an aircraft have been enforced to ensure the safety and security of travellers,” the spokesperson said.</p> <p dir="ltr">Even if you have a 100ml or more bottle of liquid that is only half filled, it will still be thrown away by security.</p> <p dir="ltr">The only exceptions to this rule are some baby products and medications, but these must be presented to security officials along with a doctor's letter. </p> <p dir="ltr">While these rules are non-negotiable for international flights, domestic flights around Australia don’t have the same level of restriction. </p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Image credits: Shutterstock</em></p>

International Travel

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18 hidden voice memos features you never knew about

<p><strong>Make the most of your voice memo app</strong></p> <p>Your iPhone is packed with productivity tools, but you don’t have to download a dozen apps for your device to become a true time-saver. Apple’s voice memo app alone can add to your productivity, help you keep track of your appointments and reminders, and act as your personal assistant. Use Voice Memos to record conversations, meetings, lectures, and the great idea you had while driving or walking the dog. You can even record a phone call on your iPhone by using the Voice Memos app.</p> <p>The app is easy to locate – you’ll find it in your Utilities folder, though you can move it wherever you’d like, or ask Siri to open it for you. It’s easy to use. It’s available on iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch and Apple computers. And best of all, it’s free. There’s no time limit for recordings (it’s dependent on the internal storage capacity of your device), so you can likely record that entire lecture without worry.</p> <p>Scroll down for tips that take you beyond voice memo recording and to all of the truly cool things you can do with a voice memo app.</p> <p><strong>Record a voice memo</strong></p> <p>There are a whole host of reasons you might make good use of a voice memo app. Maybe your boss loves to have walking meetings, but you’re not quite skilled at walking, note-taking… and not running into a tree. Maybe you’re meeting colleagues for a brainstorming dinner and want to keep track of everyone’s ideas. Or maybe you need a quick way to take down a brilliant idea – for a business, a birthday gift, you name it – during your commute.</p> <p>It’s incredibly easy to use your iPhone’s Voice Memos app. (Just be sure to ask the other person’s permission first!) Here’s how:</p> <p>Open the Voice Memos app.</p> <p>To start recording, tap the red record button.</p> <p>Boom! You’re recording your conversation.</p> <p><strong>Pause a recording</strong></p> <p>While you may often record straight through without breaks, there are times when you may want to pause a recording. For instance, during an important lunch meeting with colleagues, you really don’t need to keep track of your coworkers ordering coffee at the care. This iPhone trick will also be helpful during conversations with long pauses or when you’re put on hold. Here’s how to do it:</p> <p>While recording, tap or swipe up on the recording field at the bottom of your screen to bring it into full-screen view.</p> <p>Tap the pause symbol to temporarily stop recording.</p> <p>Tap Resume to continue.</p> <p><strong>Stop a recording</strong></p> <p>When you’re done recording your conversation, remember to actually stop the recording or you’ll be stuck with a really long voice memo that eats into your storage space. Here’s how to do it:</p> <ul> <li><strong>In partial-screen view</strong>: Hit the red square.</li> <li><strong>In full-screen view</strong>: Tap the pause button, then hit the word Done.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Delete a recording</strong></p> <p>Not every recording is worth saving. If you decide you don’t need yours, it’s easy to delete. Here’s how to do that:</p> <p>In your All Recordings list, find the voice memo you’d like to delete.</p> <p>Select the recording to expand the field.</p> <p>Tap the trash can.</p> <p><strong>Recover a recently deleted recording</strong></p> <p>If you delete the wrong file, don’t panic. Just as you can recover deleted photos, you can recover recently deleted recordings. Just follow the steps below.</p> <p>Navigate to the main Voice Memos screen.</p> <p>Tap Recently Deleted.</p> <p>Tap the recording you’d like to restore.</p> <p>Select Recover to restore your recording.</p> <p>To recover multiple deleted voice memos, select Edit in the upper-right corner. Tap all of the recordings you’d like to restore, then select Recover All from the lower left-hand corner.</p> <p>One thing to bear in mind: you only have about 30 days to recover deleted files.</p> <p><strong>Save a recording in the Voice Memos app</strong></p> <p>If you’re satisfied with your recording, you’ll want to save it. Thankfully, a voice memo on iPhone saves automatically. As soon as you stop a recording, it’ll save in the Voice Memos app and appear in your All Recordings list. Yep, it’s actually as simple as that.</p> <p><strong>Rename your recording</strong></p> <p>Be sure to give your file a new name so you’ll be able to find it easily in the future. Here’s how to do that:</p> <p>Tap the recording.</p> <p>Tap on the name.</p> <p>Type your new file name.</p> <p><strong>Save a recording to an iCloud folder</strong></p> <p>While Voice Memos automatically saves a recording, you may want to save it to iCloud for extra security – or so you can access it from any device. By following the steps below, you’ll ensure your voice memo remains in the app and in your chosen folder.</p> <p>Tap the recording you want to move.</p> <p>Look for a circle with three dots in it. Tap it.</p> <p>Select Save to Files from the list below.</p> <p>Tap the folder you’d like to add it to.</p> <p>To create a new iCloud folder, tap the folder icon in the top right corner.</p> <p><strong>Organise recordings in Voice Memos folders</strong></p> <p>If you use the voice memo app often, you may want to organise your recordings to make them easier to find, just as you would organise your apps for easier access. You can group them in folders, which you’ll find on the main Voice Memos screen.</p> <p>Here’s how to move a voice memo to a folder:</p> <p>Tap the recording you want to move.</p> <p>Tap the circle with three dots in it (to the right of the recording’s name).</p> <p>Select Move to Folder from the list below.</p> <p>Tap on the folder you want your recording to appear in.</p> <p>To create a new folder, tap the folder icon in the lower right-hand corner. Give the folder a name, then select Save. Select that folder to save your recording there.</p> <p><strong>Crop a recording</strong></p> <p>There are many reasons why you might want to crop your new file. Musicians often use the Voice Memos app and then crop out the bits they don’t want to share. One thing to keep in mind: While the crop icon looks the same as in Voice Memos as it does in other apps, the function is actually called Trim.</p> <p>Navigate to your All Recordings list.</p> <p>Tap the voice memo you want to crop.</p> <p>Tap the button to the right of your recording that looks like three small dots in a circle.</p> <p>Select the Edit Recording option.</p> <p>Tap the crop tool at the top right of the file.</p> <p>Drag the yellow trim handles until the section you want to keep is highlighted in yellow and the section you want to crop is in white.</p> <p>Be sure to check that you’re keeping the part you want. Tap the play button to listen.</p> <p>Click the Trim button to crop everything except the section highlighted in yellow.</p> <p>Tap save and then Done, and you’re good to go.</p> <p>You can also delete an entire portion of your recording. With the section selected (it’ll be yellow), tap the Delete button. Remember, Trim removes everything except the yellow segment, while Delete removes the yellow segment.</p> <p><strong>Replace sections of a recording</strong></p> <p>If you mumbled or coughed in the middle of an important voice memo, fear not! It’s really easy to record over the bits you don’t like.</p> <p>Go to your All Recordings list.</p> <p>Tap the recording you want to fix.</p> <p>Tap the button to the right of your recording that looks like three small dots in a circle.</p> <p>Select Edit Recording.</p> <p>Move your finger over the waveform (the lines that visually represent your recording) until you’re in the section of your recording you want to replace.</p> <p>Tap the red Replace button to start recording. The waveform will turn red while you record.</p> <p>Tap the pause button when you’re done.</p> <p>Check your recording by hitting the play button. If you’re satisfied, tap Done to save your changes.</p> <p>The great news: You can do this in as many places as you like to make sure you’re happy with the entire recording.</p> <p><strong>Speed up or slow down a recording</strong></p> <p>If a fast or slow talker is making your voice memo sound weird, or if you need to speed up or slow down a section of music, you can do that easily with the voice memo app.</p> <p>Navigate to your All Recordings list.</p> <p>Tap the audio file you want to speed up or slow down.</p> <p>You’ll see an icon in the bottom left corner that looks like a synthesizer, or three lines with buttons. Tap the icon.</p> <p>Under Playback Speed, move the horizontal slider to the left (toward the tortoise icon) to slow down the playback speed of your recording. Move it to the right (toward the hare) to speed up your recording.</p> <p>Tap the X at the top right of the box to close the screen.</p> <p>Press play on your recording to test the new speed.</p> <p>If you’re not happy with the way it sounds, return to the Playback Speed function and select the blue Reset option.</p> <p>When you’re happy with the recording, tap the X to close the screen again.</p> <p><strong>Automatically skip silences in a recording</strong></p> <p>Unlike in real life, it’s really easy to remove awkward silences from recordings in your Voice Memos app.</p> <p>Tap the audio file you want to edit.</p> <p>Tap the icon in the lower-left corner that looks like a synthesiser (three stacked lines, each with a knob).</p> <p>Toggle on the Skip Silence button.</p> <p>Tap the X icon.</p> <p>Tap the play button to listen to the recording and see if you like the way it sounds.</p> <p><strong>Enhance a recording</strong></p> <p>While writing this article, I was typing in the background. I also coughed quite a few times, which didn’t sound amazing on my recording. If you have street noises or other background sounds on your voice memo or just want to create a more professional recording, you can easily enhance it, just as I did.</p> <p>Tap the audio file you want to edit.</p> <p>Tap the icon in the lower-left corner that looks like a synthesiser (three stacked lines, each with a knob).</p> <p>Toggle on the Enhance Recording button.</p> <p>Tap the X icon.</p> <p>Tap the play button to listen to the recording and see if you like the way it sounds.</p> <p><strong>Duplicate a recording</strong></p> <p>Before you edit any recording, you probably should make a backup. That way, if you end up hating your edits, you always have a fresh copy of the original. It’s also helpful if you want to compare the original with the edits.</p> <p>Go to your All Recordings list.</p> <p>Tap the recording you want to duplicate.</p> <p>Tap the button to the right of your recording that looks like three small dots inside a circle.</p> <p>Select Duplicate from the list.</p> <p>The copy of your recording will appear directly below the original with the word “copy” added to the file name. Tap the file to change the file name.</p> <p><strong>Copy a recording</strong></p> <p>I like to keep copies of all my important files in several places. If a file becomes corrupted, I can head to my backup and work from there. Here’s how to copy a recording in your iPhone Voice Memos app.</p> <p>Go to your All Recordings list.</p> <p>Tap the recording you want to copy.</p> <p>Tap the button to the right of your recording that looks like three small dots in a circle.</p> <p>Select Copy from the list.</p> <p>From there, you can paste the voice memo into an email or text to send to yourself (or someone else) as a backup.</p> <p><strong>Share a recording</strong></p> <p>There are many reasons why you might want to share your recording. Maybe your colleagues want a copy of that daylong meeting you recorded or you’re sending your audio notes to someone for transcription. The Voice Memos app makes sharing your file super simple; just follow the steps below.</p> <p>Navigate to your All Recordings list.</p> <p>Tap the file you want to share.</p> <p>Tap the button to the right of your recording that looks like three small dots in a circle.</p> <p>Select Share from the options below.</p> <p>Select how you’d like to share this file, such as via email, text, or AirDrop.</p> <p><strong>Record a phone call</strong></p> <p>Maybe you’re speaking with a lawyer and want to catch every last detail. Or maybe you’re interviewing someone. Whatever your reason, it’s helpful to know how to record a phone conversation. Apple doesn’t make that easy – you can’t record a call in Voice Memos while you’re on your phone. But there’s a workaround: Use two devices.</p> <p>Open the Voice Memos app on your iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch, or Mac computer.</p> <p>Start recording by tapping the red record button.</p> <p>Make your phone call from a different phone. Be sure to place the call on speaker so Voice Memos captures both sides of the conversation.</p> <p>When your call is over, hang up the phone and stop recording.</p> <p><em><span id="docs-internal-guid-cf7fa5ea-7fff-554b-232e-079b0ae53d8c">Written by Rachel Weingarten. This article first appeared in <a href="https://www.readersdigest.co.nz/true-stories-lifestyle/science-technology/18-hidden-voice-memos-features-you-never-knew-about" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Reader’s Digest</a>. For more of what you love from the world’s best-loved magazine, <a href="http://readersdigest.innovations.co.nz/c/readersdigestemailsubscribe?utm_source=over60&amp;utm_medium=articles&amp;utm_campaign=RDSUB&amp;keycode=WRA87V" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here’s our best subscription offer.</a></span></em></p> <p><em>Image: Getty Images</em></p>

Technology

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The International Court of Justice has ordered Russia to stop the war

<p>The International Court of Justice (ICJ), the top court of the United Nations, has <a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/182/182-20220316-ORD-01-00-EN.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ordered Russia to “immediately suspend” its military operations in Ukraine</a>. What does the decision mean, and what happens next?</p> <p>We already knew Russia’s invasion was illegal in international law. But the ICJ decision now makes it virtually impossible for anyone, including Russia, to deny that illegality. It is also impressive because Ukraine used a creative strategy to get the ICJ to hear the case, based on the <a href="https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.1_Convention%20on%20the%20Prevention%20and%20Punishment%20of%20the%20Crime%20of%20Genocide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Genocide Convention of 1948</a>.</p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr" lang="en">READ HERE: a summary of the <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/ICJ?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#ICJ</a> Order indicating provisional measures in the case concerning Allegations of Genocide under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (<a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Ukraine?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#Ukraine</a> v. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Russia?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#Russia</a>) <a href="https://t.co/joZ3kWkfiQ">https://t.co/joZ3kWkfiQ</a> <a href="https://t.co/D6YsHmVHOH">pic.twitter.com/D6YsHmVHOH</a></p> <p>— CIJ_ICJ (@CIJ_ICJ) <a href="https://twitter.com/CIJ_ICJ/status/1504137139625279492?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">March 16, 2022</a></p></blockquote> <p><strong>Russia’s legal arguments about the war</strong></p> <p>Russia’s president, Vladimir Putin, gave <a href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/full-text-putin-s-declaration-of-war-on-ukraine" target="_blank" rel="noopener">several justifications for invading Ukraine</a>. Some had little to do with the law, such as his complaints about NATO. But two were legal arguments.</p> <p>First, he claimed Russia was acting in “self-defence”. Self-defence is <a href="https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/chapter-7" target="_blank" rel="noopener">an established reason to use military force</a> in international law. But Putin suggested Russia was defending the two breakaway parts of eastern Ukraine it recognises as sovereign states: Donetsk and Luhansk. Legally, these are <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-russias-recognition-of-breakaway-parts-of-ukraine-breached-international-law-and-set-the-stage-for-invasion-177623" target="_blank" rel="noopener">still parts of Ukraine’s own territory, not independent states</a>, which makes nonsense of this argument.</p> <p>Second, Putin claimed Ukraine was committing genocide against ethnic Russians (where “genocide” means certain acts committed with “<a href="https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%2078/volume-78-i-1021-english.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">intent to destroy</a>” an ethnic group or another defined group). This is just as factually and legally flimsy as the self-defence argument.</p> <p>If both arguments are weak, why did Ukraine focus on genocide in the case before the ICJ? To understand, we have to look at the court’s jurisdiction: that is, its power to decide some legal issues but not others.</p> <p><strong>The jurisdiction of the ICJ</strong></p> <p>The ICJ hears disputes solely between sovereign states (in contrast to the separate International Criminal Court, which tries individuals for committing things like war crimes).</p> <p>The ICJ does not automatically have jurisdiction over every state and every issue. There is no global government that could give it that power. Like many other aspects of international law, <a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/en/basis-of-jurisdiction" target="_blank" rel="noopener">its jurisdiction relies on states giving consent</a> – agreement – either directly or indirectly.</p> <p>Some states have given consent by making general declarations. Other states have consented to particular treaties that give the ICJ the power to decide disputes related specifically to those treaties.</p> <p>Since Russia has not made a general declaration, Ukraine could not ask the ICJ to rule on its self-defence argument. But Russia is a party to a relevant treaty, the <a href="https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%2078/volume-78-i-1021-english.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Genocide Convention</a>.</p> <p>Ukraine’s creative strategy was to try to bring the case within the ICJ’s jurisdiction by arguing that Russia was making a false allegation of genocide to justify its illegal invasion.</p> <p><strong>The order made by the ICJ</strong></p> <p>Russia did not turn up to the courtroom in The Hague for the initial hearing in early March (though it did write the ICJ a letter outlining its view).</p> <p>That is a change in its behaviour. After Russia invaded Georgia in 2008, Georgia similarly brought a case to the ICJ and tried to use <a href="https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20660/volume-660-I-9464-English.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">a different treaty</a> to bring it within the court’s jurisdiction. Russia participated in the case and actually had <a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/140" target="_blank" rel="noopener">significant success</a>.</p> <p>Its failure to turn up this time signals its disengagement from international institutions.</p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr" lang="en">International Court of Justice is ruling on Ukraine's appeal for an order for Russia to halt its invasion. Russian officials and lawyers have not turned up for the session. <a href="https://t.co/oucPjgQ5Hp">pic.twitter.com/oucPjgQ5Hp</a></p> <p>— Julian Borger (@julianborger) <a href="https://twitter.com/julianborger/status/1504111254205521926?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">March 16, 2022</a></p></blockquote> <p>Of the 15 judges, almost all agreed to <a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/182/182-20220316-ORD-01-00-EN.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">order Russia to “immediately suspend” its military operations</a>. There were two dissenters: the judges of Russian and Chinese nationality.</p> <p>This was what is called a “provisional measures” order – an emergency ruling made before the court hears the whole case. Provisional measures are binding. That is important. It means even if Russia maintains incorrectly that the invasion is legal, it is now breaching international law anyway by failing to comply with the ICJ’s order.</p> <p>However, a binding ruling is not the same as an enforceable one. Just as there is no global government to give the ICJ more power, there are no global police to enforce its decisions.</p> <p>For example, in 1999, the ICJ <a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/104" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ordered the United States to delay executing a German man on death row</a>. Although the court confirmed such a provisional measure was binding, it could not actually stop the execution.</p> <p>But ICJ decisions can play a more subtle role. They shape the narrative for law-abiding states and within the United Nations.</p> <p>This ruling might help to embolden other states, including some that until now have been sitting on the fence, to contribute to actions like suffocating Russia’s economy with sanctions and arming Ukraine.</p> <p><strong>What happens next?</strong></p> <p>All the ICJ has done so far is to order provisional measures. It has not even found conclusively that it has jurisdiction in the case. It might be a long time before it decides the case as a whole.</p> <p>But it has hinted it is receptive to Ukraine’s arguments. It has noted that it “<a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/182/182-20220316-ORD-01-00-EN.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">is not in possession of evidence</a>” to support Russia’s allegation that Ukraine has committed genocide.</p> <p>Another strength of Ukraine’s case is that there is, in any event, no rule in international law automatically giving one state a right to invade another state to stop a genocide. One reason is that a cynical aggressor could manipulate or abuse such a rule. That is basically what this case is all about.<img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/179466/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /></p> <p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/rowan-nicholson-945547" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rowan Nicholson</a>, Lecturer in Law, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/flinders-university-972" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Flinders University</a></em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/the-international-court-of-justice-has-ordered-russia-to-stop-the-war-what-does-this-ruling-mean-179466" target="_blank" rel="noopener">original article</a>.</em></p> <p><em>Image: Getty Images</em></p>

Legal

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The most affordable international destinations

<p dir="ltr">Now that international borders are beginning to open, many are searching for an unforgettable overseas holiday that won’t break the bank. </p> <p dir="ltr">As global tourism hubs kick back into gear, there are plenty of great deals to be found to get people out and exploring.</p> <p dir="ltr">Here are just some of the cheapest international destinations that should make their way onto your travel bucket list sooner rather than later. </p> <p dir="ltr"><strong>Fiji</strong></p> <p dir="ltr">With return airfares currently on offer from under $600, the sandy shores of Fiji have something for everyone. </p> <p dir="ltr">Whether you're into adrenaline sports or swanning around in luxurious resorts, you will no doubt find what you're looking for on this picturesque island. </p> <p dir="ltr">Fiji offers experiences such as snorkelling, quad bike adventures and skydiving, as well as day clubs, hot springs and the most relaxing beach experiences in the world. </p> <p dir="ltr"><strong>Singapore</strong></p> <p dir="ltr">This city-state offers big ticket attractions the whole family can enjoy, world-class shopping and dining, and a rich cultural experience for everyone who visits. </p> <p dir="ltr">With a return airfare going for less than $500, this bustling city getaway is a must-see for any keen traveller. </p> <p dir="ltr">This great year-round destination boasts theme parks, child-friendly hotels and some of the most luxurious resorts in the world. </p> <p dir="ltr"><strong>Bali</strong></p> <p dir="ltr">Bali has long been a fan favourite destination for cost-savvy travellers, with prices continuing to be ridiculously low. </p> <p dir="ltr">The Indonesian paradise boasts a rich heritage and culture, with over 20,000 temples offering a once in a lifetime experience. </p> <p dir="ltr">The key to Bali is relaxation, with local cuisine being followed by an hour-long massage that costs less than a cup of coffee in Australia. </p> <p dir="ltr"><strong>Thailand</strong></p> <p dir="ltr">From picturesque beaches, exciting nightlife and incredible food all for insanely low prices, Thailand is a must-visit location. </p> <p dir="ltr">The Thai Government has shared another reason to visit, by reopening Maya Cove (the cove made famous by <em>The Beach</em>) after a three-year closure.</p> <p dir="ltr">With over 1,400 gorgeous islands anchored in cerulean waters, there is a spot for everyone to relax like royalty, costing next to nothing.</p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p>

International Travel

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The International Space Station to crash to Earth in 2030

<p dir="ltr">The International Space Station is expected to stay in operation until the end of 2030, after which time it will be crashed into a remote part of the Pacific Ocean, <a href="https://7news.com.au/technology/space/nasa-to-retire-the-international-space-station-by-2031-by-crashing-it-into-the-pacific-ocean-c-5549714" target="_blank" rel="noopener">according</a> to newly published plans from NASA.</p><p dir="ltr">Since its launch in 2000, the ISS has orbited 227 nautical miles (420.4 kilometres) above Earth, during which time more than 200 astronauts from 19 countries enjoyed stints aboard.</p><p dir="ltr">After 2030, NASA said the ISS would be replaced by commercially operated space platforms as a venue for collaboration and scientific research.</p><p dir="ltr">“The private sector is technically and financially capable of developing and operating commercial low-Earth orbit destinations, with NASA’s assistance,” Phil McAlister, director of commercial space at NASA, said in a <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-provides-updated-international-space-station-transition-plan/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">statement</a>.</p><p dir="ltr">“We look forward to sharing our lessons learned and operations experience with the private sector to help them develop safe, reliable, and cost-effective destinations in space.</p><p dir="ltr">“The report we have delivered to Congress describes, in detail, our comprehensive plan for ensuring a smooth transition to commercial destinations after retirement of the International Space Station in 2030.”</p><p><span id="docs-internal-guid-ddb56a6d-7fff-9f23-f423-5f64adf3a599"></span></p><p dir="ltr">In the International Space Station Transition Report produced by NASA, the organisation said the plan was for the ISS to fall to Earth and land in an area called the South Pacific Ocean Uninhabited Area - also known as Point Nemo.</p><p dir="ltr"><img src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/2022/02/space-iss1.jpg" alt="" width="1280" height="720" /></p><p dir="ltr"><em>The International Space Station has been the source of many scientific innovations and firsts, including the first chilli peppers to be grown in space (Pictured). Image: NASA</em></p><p dir="ltr">Named after the submarine operator in Jules Verne’s novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, Point Nemo is an area in the ocean that is the farthest from land.</p><p dir="ltr">The area is approximately 4800 kilometres from the eastern coast of New Zealand and 3200 kilometres north of Antarctica.</p><p dir="ltr">The ISS won’t be the first to make Point Nemo its final resting place, with estimates that more than 263 pieces of space debris have been sunk there by the US, Russia, Japan, and European countries since 1971.</p><p dir="ltr">According to the report, the ISS is expected to deorbit in January 2031 and perform thrusting manoeuvres to ensure a “safe atmospheric entry”.</p><p dir="ltr">Though an end date has been set, work will continue on the ISS until the very end, with NASA saying goals for the space lab include using it as an “analog for a Mars transit mission”.</p><p dir="ltr">“The International Space Station is entering its third and most productive decade as a groundbreaking scientific platform in microgravity,” Robyn Gatens, the director of the ISS at NASA Headquarters, said in a statement.</p><p dir="ltr">“This third decade is one of results, building on our successful global partnership to verify exploration and human research technologies to support deep space exploration, continue to return medical and environmental benefits to humanity, and lay the groundwork for a commercial future in low-Earth orbit.</p><p dir="ltr">“We look forward to maximising these returns from the space station through 2030 while planning for transition to commercial space destinations that will follow.”</p><p dir="ltr">During its time in orbit, the ISS has been home to many scientific firsts in space, including the first items to be 3D-printed, the first sequencing of DNA, and growing of lettuces, radishes and chillies.</p><p dir="ltr"><span id="docs-internal-guid-1cd41515-7fff-ce61-9732-a28d780a7c98"></span></p><p dir="ltr"><em>Image: NASA</em></p>

Technology

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Keep an eye out for these 5 films from the Byron Bay International Film Fest

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Though the <a rel="noopener" href="https://www.bbff.com.au/blog/bbff-returns-in-2021-with-a-special-edition-programme-of-inspiring-and-uplifting-films" target="_blank">Byron Bay International Film Festival</a> has ended for this year, that doesn’t mean you missed out on its offerings.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The nature of the Aussie film festival means that some films are already out, like <a rel="noopener" href="https://www.oversixty.co.nz/entertainment/movies/how-to-watch-these-5-short-films-from-the-byron-bay-international-film-fest" target="_blank">these five</a>, while others are screened ahead of their airing to the general public.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">With that in mind, here are five short films in this year’s programme that you’ll want to keep an eye out for.</span></p> <p><em><strong>Inner Portraits</strong></em></p> <p><img style="width: 500px; height: 281.25px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7846493/film-fest7.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/9a774b879fcb43b387b9f36e4c4c7414" /></p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Image: Supplied</span></em></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Photographic artist RJ Poole has made a rare appearance in front of the camera in </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Inner Portraits</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">. The short documentary sees the Lismore photographer become the subject, relating his experiences as a soldier in Australia’s SAS regiment during his youth, interspersed with some of his proudest work.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Having made its appearances at the Melbourne Documentary and St Kilda film festivals, the public release date for </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Inner Portraits</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is yet to be announced.</span></p> <p><em><strong>Perfect Storm</strong></em></p> <p><img style="width: 500px; height: 281.25px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7846492/film-fest5.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/bdcaf3e26bb34370a115bc896af9df84" /></p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Image: Supplied</span></em></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Set on the wild coast of Auckland, </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Perfect Storm</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> follows one man’s enforced isolation from his loved ones during the pandemic. With a cast of just two, </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Perfect Storm</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> shows how coming home to oneself and the environment can be a silver lining amid loneliness.</span></p> <p><em><strong>CWA: Judgement Day</strong></em></p> <p><img style="width: 500px; height: 281.25px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7846495/film-fest11.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/c5d0bf976ef34c1f820e2d901c544d22" /></p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Image: Byron Bay International Film Festival</span></em></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Step inside the Country Women’s Association, an Australian icon and backbone of rural living, through </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">CWA: Judgement Day</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">. Set in a nondescript Canberra building, it follows a group of women gathering for a secret initiation into the world of judging for the CWA.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">With its world premiere at the Byron Bay film festival, this is one film to be on the lookout for.</span></p> <p><em><strong>The Handyman</strong></em></p> <p><img style="width: 500px; height: 281.25px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7846491/film-fest3.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/1c8c0bef92754c67b8d253ce9b322559" /></p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Image: Supplied</span></em></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">An Australian drama, </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Handyman </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">starts with Evelyn (Alison Whyte, </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Dressmaker</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">) about to end her life, until she is interrupted by an awkward handyman (Nathaniel Dean, </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Alien: Covenant</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">). His need for work collides with Evelyn’s desire to make him leave, and she discovers that he has problems of his own to contend with.</span></p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Handyman</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> has been making appearances at film festivals around the world since its premiere in Cairo last year, with its public release date still to be confirmed.</span></p> <p><em><strong>Dandelion</strong></em></p> <p><img style="width: 500px; height: 281.25px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7846494/film-fest10.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/c9a2c329480442c5964d42fd16504ef9" /></p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Image: Supplied</span></em></p> <p><em><strong><span style="font-weight: 400;">Dandelion</span></strong></em><strong><span style="font-weight: 400;"> takes on the tough subject of loving someone and supporting them on their mental health journey with quirks and comedy, all while replacing the strong female character trope with a more nuanced, vulnerable protagonist.</span></strong></p>

Movies

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How to watch these 5 short films from the Byron Bay International Film Fest

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The yearly <a rel="noopener" href="https://www.bbff.com.au/blog/bbff-returns-in-2021-with-a-special-edition-programme-of-inspiring-and-uplifting-films" target="_blank">Byron Bay International Film Festival</a> has returned for 2021, featuring a combination of feature-length and short films from Australia and around the world.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">With this year’s theme being ‘Shining Light in Darkness’, the festival lineup includes films that reflect life in isolation, processing loss, and finding happiness in unexpected places.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The films will be screened at the Palace Byron Bay cinema and the Lennox Head Cultural Centre between December 17 and 21.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Luckily, those who can’t make the festival can still catch these five films.</span></p> <p><em><strong>Mourning Country</strong></em></p> <p><img style="width: 0px; height: 0px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7846411/film-fest1.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/b9ad562690f9491289aba18ea0c0e302" /></p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">‘Mourning Country’ shares the personal experience of Budawang Elder Noel Butler. Image: Supplied</span></em></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Opening with shots of burnt landscape and charred remains as Budawang Elder Noel Butler calls for animals no longer there, </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Mourning Country</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> explores the grief felt for the country’s unique wildlife to bushfires.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The six-minute film follows Butler as he walks through the ashes of his property - destroyed in the 2019 Currowan fire - where his home and the Aboriginal Cultural Centre once stood. Capturing his mourning for the flora and fauna that once lived there and the life that begins to flourish, the film speaks to the “destructive loss” of life that comes from improper management of the land.</span></p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Mourning Country</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is available to watch </span><a rel="noopener" href="https://www.ryanandrewlee.com/cinematography/mourning-country" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: 400;">here</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, on cinematographer Ryan Andrew Lee’s website.</span></p> <p><em><strong>The Kicked Dog</strong></em></p> <p><img style="width: 0px; height: 0px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7846412/film-fest2.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/39189f2a6983404c8d9d704c478c4b79" /></p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Alan Ford (pictured) stars alongisde Clive Russell in the black comedy 'The Kicked Dog'. Image: Supplied</span></em></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A black comedy from writer and director Max Hemmings, </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Kicked Dog</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> stars Alan Ford and Clive Russell (</span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Game of Thrones</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">) as Alan and Terry, two feuding brothers attempting to reconcile over a low-rent heist. As aged East End gangsters from a bygone era, they have limited time to mend their relationship before Terry’s dementia sets in.</span></p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Kicked Dog</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is due to be released online in July, 2022.</span></p> <p><em><strong>Mirador</strong></em></p> <p><img style="width: 0px; height: 0px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7846415/film-fest9.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/705d33c849ac4e76889a8b6cacab4210" /></p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Performance artist Angela Goh pushes film equipment through the Phoenix Central Building in a scene from Mirador. Image: Supplied</span></em></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">An experimental look at performance art, </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Mirador</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> follows performance artist Angela Goh as she navigates the winding interior of the Phoenix Central Building, a private performance space in Sydney.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The film plays with perspective and distortion as Goh takes us through dark corridors, down stairwells, and along thin beams, showing how buildings can contain mysteries. Watch the film </span><a rel="noopener" href="https://versusversus.com.au/work/mirador/" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: 400;">here</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></p> <p><em><strong>Our Country</strong></em></p> <p><img style="width: 0px; height: 0px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7846414/film-fest8.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/82ff7d376b60479091d640c6e2890239" /></p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">'Our Country' is filmed on Dunghutti Country and features members of the community sharing their stories. Image: Supplied</span></em></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Though only five minutes long, </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Our Country </span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">explores the connection between people, country and culture for members of the different generations of the South West Rocks community of Dunghutti Country, on the NSW Mid North Coast.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Keen to check it out? Head </span><a rel="noopener" href="https://robertsherwoodfilms.com.au/portfolio/our-country-short-film" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: 400;">here</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> to watch it.</span></p> <p><em><strong>Lotus</strong></em></p> <p><img style="width: 0px; height: 0px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7846413/film-fest6.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/52bb2b5714cd4ec78762a0aa4ac4d19e" /></p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Angelika Furstler recreates her near death experience in 'Lotus'. Image: Supplied</span></em></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Filmed almost completely underwater in the Mayan Cenotes, </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Lotus</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is inspired by filmmaker Angelika Furstler’s own near-death experience in Mexico while facing her biggest fear. It is a film that explores how one can grow from pain, anxiety and fear to find coherence, harmony and flow.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Since </span><span style="font-weight: 400;"><em>Lotus</em> </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">is showing in international film festivals, the film’s </span><a rel="noopener" href="https://www.angelikafurstler.com/lotus-shortfilm" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: 400;">website</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> says it isn’t publicly available as of yet. It is expected to be launched online, and keen viewers can sign up to be notified when it is released.</span></p>

Movies

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How Covid-19 changed international travel forever

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">After international borders have been closed due to the pandemic for almost two years, travel companies are beginning to stretch their legs again. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">With many people keen to travel outside their own four walls for the first time in months, there have been some unexpected road bumps for businesses who rely on tourism. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Travel-based companies, such as Contiki, have been forced into being flexible after being out of operation for almost 24 months. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Contiki have been running global tours since 1962, and suffered immense losses due to the Covid-19 pandemic. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Contiki managing director Katrina Barry told </span><a href="https://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-advice/money/contiki-managing-director-addresses-the-impact-of-covid-on-international-travel/news-story/aa2307e290d95f7729bd3c4d7aa300c3"><span style="font-weight: 400;">news.com.au</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> that the company had long been learning how to adapt to changing circumstances. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“Flexibility is the new black,” she said.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“We absolutely need to pivot and keep your eye sort of close to the ground and that's our job, to be the experts on travel. So we've had to adapt. I don’t think 2022 is going to be exactly like it was prior to Covid, we’re definitely in a transition period. ”</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Contiki has noticed a host of changes to global travel, including costs going up “significantly” in parts of Europe, and large numbers of businesses shutting down in Asia. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“What we are noticing is there will be supply issues in various countries ... there are so many things across Asia where people live to pay cheque to pay cheque so a lot of businesses have had to close and a lot of families have had to go and find other work,” Ms Barry said.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“That means there’s not as many restaurants or there’s not quite as many to it than in one particular thing. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“And in the Greek Islands, costing has gone up significantly because there are fewer operators and fewer hotels, so we’ve had to build in some of that process. But that’s always been the world.”</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Travellers have also been forced to fork out more expenses on things such as travel insurance, in case their destination goes into a snap lockdown, trapping holiday-goers away from home. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">With vaccine certificates and masks still being the norm in most places, it’s important for travellers to look up certain Covid-19 restrictions before booking that long overdue holiday. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">With many companies learning how to navigate a post-Covid world, Ms Barry says the one thing that unites us all is the longing to explore all corners of the world, all while wearing a mask, of course. </span></p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Image credits: Getty Images</span></em></p>

Travel Tips

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Doctor makes international headlines for unusual note on patient's chart

<p dir="ltr">A Canadian doctor who cited climate change on a patient’s medical chart and attracted worldwide attention has now clarified what he meant by doing so.</p> <p dir="ltr">During a heatwave in Nelson, British Columbia, in late June, a 70-year-old woman’s health deteriorated, and GP Dr Kyle Merritt believed that extreme weather conditions during the North American summer were a contributing factor. The woman was already suffering from diabetes and heart failure, and lived in a caravan with no air conditioning, during a heatwave that would come to be known as the<span> </span><a rel="noopener" href="https://www.timescolonist.com/bc-news/bcs-chief-coroner-reveals-city-death-tolls-due-to-heat-wave-4710606" target="_blank">hottest and deadliest</a><span> </span>in Canadian history.</p> <p dir="ltr">Speaking to<span> </span><a rel="noopener" href="https://au.news.yahoo.com/doctor-reveals-why-he-wrote-climate-change-on-patients-medical-chart-023010837.html?guccounter=1" target="_blank"><em>Yahoo News</em></a>, Dr Merritt said, “Oftentimes it's vulnerable patients that are the most affected. It’s people who don't have air conditioning in their homes in the case of the heat dome, or live in places where they can’t get away from the wildfire smoke. ‘</p> <p dir="ltr">“To see a patient affected that way and being forced to come in and get admitted to hospital because where they're living is not really safe for them anymore, I found it upsetting. “ wanted to think about the the underlying factors that were driving (her deterioration), so that's why I wrote it down.”</p> <p dir="ltr">Dr Merritt clarified that he only mentioned climate change on one patient’s chart, as he believed it “had to be part of the reason” his 70-year-old patient was admitted to the emergency room. He said he “wasn’t trying to make a big deal out of it”, but felt that it was important for both him and his colleagues to “recognise the truth” and acknowledge the contributing factor of climate change on people’s ill health.</p> <p dir="ltr">While some headlines have claimed he diagnosed a patient with ‘climate change’, Dr Merritt confirmed that this was not the case, as "climate change is not a medical condition”, but merely a contributing factor which can worsen existing illnesses, much like exposure to any extreme temperatures or weather conditions can worsen people’s health.</p> <p dir="ltr">He explained, “The diagnosis has to be a specific medical condition that's recognised as a medical condition. As physicians, we can’t just start making things up, of course we work within a medical framework."</p> <p dir="ltr">The links between climate change and people’s health are already well documented, with the<span> </span><a rel="noopener" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health" target="_blank">World Health Organisation</a><span> </span>describing climate change as the “biggest health threat facing humanity”. The WHO predicts that between 2030 and 2050, climate change is expected to cause approximately 250,000 additional deaths per year, primarily from malnutrition, diarrhoea, and heat stress. This is because climate change severely impacts the social and environmental determinants of health - clean air, safe drinking water, sufficient food and secure shelter. Without these basic necessities, it becomes incredibly difficult for people to maintain good health.</p> <p dir="ltr">Dr Merritt told<span> </span><em>Yahoo<span> </span></em>that he hopes that in the coming years, GPs will seek to recognise the impact of climate change on the health of their patients. He said, “In a lot of places, and certainly in my corner of the world, we're starting to see the direct impacts of climate change on human health.</p> <p dir="ltr">“It’s always difficult to make the link, but it's got a lot more clear as time has gone on.”</p>

Caring

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Cruise industry left out as international boarders reopen

<p><em>Image: Getty </em></p> <p>International boarders have come down, with the travel ban and the exemption requirement to go overseas finally ditched on November 1<sup>st</sup>.  </p> <p>Aussies desperate to go on holidays are already selling out flights to Europe, America and Asia.</p> <p>Despite flights being back on track, cruise companies are still unable to restart their Australian tours.</p> <p>However, there will be nothing stopping Aussies flying to places Miami, Florida and Nadi, Fiji, and enjoying a cruise overseas before flying home – making the Australian cruise ruling more farcical.</p> <p>The cruise industry was brought to a standstill early last year when the coronavirus pandemic hit Australia, with one of Australia’s first Covid outbreaks came from a cruise ship, when the <em>Ruby Princess</em> docked in Sydney last March.</p> <p>More than 900 infections and at least 28 deaths were eventually linked to the outbreak.</p> <p>The outbreak triggered a biosecurity ban on all foreign flagged vessels, with the cruise ban in place until December 17<sup>th</sup>.</p> <p>Despite hints from NSW Premier Dominic Perrottet, who has acknowledged the irony of Aussies being able to cruise overseas but not at home, the industry will still take months to restart.</p> <p>Speaking to news.com.au, Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA) managing director Australasia Joel Katz blasted the “ridiculous” and “disappointing” double standard.</p> <p>“We need the federal and state governments to come to the party,” Mr Katz said.</p> <p>“Just in the last couple of days, we’ve had a number of travel agents reach out to us with comments from a number of avid cruise passengers, asking us what the rules are about cruising overseas.</p> <p>“They’re planning to fly overseas to cruise because they can’t cruise at home and that’s really disappointing for the thousands of Aussies who rely on the cruise industry locally for their livelihoods.”</p> <p>Mr Katz said the cruise industry had been asking the Government “for a long time” to forge a way forward together.</p> <p>Despite some promising words from senior federal ministers and a number of premiers, Mr Katz said it was “time to convert words into action”.</p> <p>The Australian cruise industry has submitted robust Covid protocols that have already been tried and tested on more than three million passengers overseas, since cruising restarted in Europe and the US.</p> <p>Despite that, Mr Katz said the industry was still waiting on formal responses in Australia from the Government and health authorities.</p> <p>Even if those formal responses and approvals came tomorrow, the cruise industry is not one that can get things up and running quickly.</p> <p>“There are long lead times to get ships up and running. It’s very difficult for cruise companies to know when to push the start button with no certainty,” Mr Katz said.</p> <p>“The crew needs to be recruited and vaccinated, then they have to be flown out to wherever the ship is, go through a quarantine process, get trained on whatever new protocols are needed.</p> <p>“And, most of the ships are in the northern hemisphere, so they need to make their way down. All that needs to happen before they can even start the process of taking customers again.”</p> <p>Mr Katz predicted a restart of Australia’s cruise industry in January (in 10-12 weeks’ time), a prediction he quickly revised when P&amp;O announced it had been forced to again push its first cruises to February.</p> <p>P&amp;O Cruises Australia President Sture Myrmell said the voluntary pause had been extended due to the lack of a clear pathway towards restarting the industry.</p> <p>“We are naturally disappointed for our guests and our many suppliers to have to extend the pause in operations by a further month,” Mr Myrmell said this morning.</p> <p>“With society rapidly reopening including social gatherings and travel just weeks away, there is a vital need for a pathway for the staged resumption of domestic cruising.</p> <p>“Our guests have made it clear they want to cruise again, and we look forward to welcoming them on board as soon as possible supported by comprehensive protocols based on the world’s best public health practice and standards.”</p>

Cruising

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Phuket reopens to international visitors, with a catch

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For the first time since the onset of the coronavirus pandemic, Phuket, Thailand’s popular resort island, is allowing international travellers to enter without quarantining, as long as they’re vaccinated.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">On July 1, the first of four flights arriving that day touched down at Phuket International Airport with 25 passengers from Abu Dhabi. In total, about 400 vaccinated tourists arrived from Doha, Tel Aviv, Singapore, and Abu Dhabi as part of Thailand’s new “Phuket Sandbox” program.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In an interview with CNN the day before, Thailand’s Minister of Tourism Phiphat Ratchakitprakarn said the program was needed to restart the country’s economy, which has been severely impacted by the pandemic.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“In 2019, we had revenue from both domestic and international tourism at 3 trillion baht ($1.2 billion) but in 2020 it shrank to 800 billion baht,” he said.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Phuket generated more than 470 billion of that revenue, thanks to the arrival of 10 million tourists.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The opening on July 1 has been viewed as mostly symbolic as a windfall of tourism numbers isn’t expected to follow.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Instead, Phiphat estimates that about 100,000 international tourists will arrive on the island in the first three months following the reopening, which is expected to generate about 9 billion baht in revenue.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Beyond the island, Thailand has been battling its third wave of COVID-19, with the country reporting 57 deaths and 5,533 cases on the same day as the reopening, mostly in Bangkok.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">But, Phiphat has said “Phuket is currently perfectly fit for travel” despite the current number of cases in Thailand.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“If you look at the nationwide infection number, we would say we are not ready. If you focus only on Phuket, where we have laid our groundwork for more than three months, I would say Phuket is 100 percent ready,” he said.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The decision to reopen Phuket was reliant on the vaccination of 70 percent of the island’s residents. According to Phuket’s public relations office, more than 80 percent of the population have received at least one dose, and about 65 percent have been fully vaccinated as of June 30.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Phiphat said if the program is successful, officials will use Phuket as a blueprint to open nine other popular tourist destinations from October 1: Bangkok, Chonburi, Chiang Mai, Petchaburi, Prachuap Kiri Khan, Phang Nga, Krabi, Surat Thai, and Buriram.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For those who do wish to visit Phuket, they must meet a list of conditions.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Travellers can only come from pre-approved countries or territories, must stay in an accredited hotel for 14 days before travelling anywhere else in the country, and must apply for a Certificate of Entry.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Additionally, visitors need to have proof of an insurance policy covering treatment of COVID-19 up to the cost of $100,000, as well as a negative PCR test taken within 72 hours of departure and a certificate of vaccination against coronavirus with an approved vaccine administered at least two weeks before their travel date.</span></p>

International Travel

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Prince Charles and Camilla touch down in Greece for first international tour of 2021

<p>Prince Charles and his wife Camilla have travelled all the way down to Greece, marking their first foreign royal tour of 2021.</p> <p>The 72-year-old and 73-year-old are in Athens to celebrate the nation’s Bicentenary Independence Day celebrations.</p> <p>The two-day visit comes at the request of the British Government.</p> <p><img style="width: 500px; height: 281.25px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7840445/charles-2.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/52675413252344df9d5537f873e828ec" /></p> <p>The Prince of Wales and Duchess of Cornwall are not immune from the virus however and are required to abide by extremely strict health guidelines while they carry out their overseas tour.</p> <p>This includes wearing face masks, and Camila chose a fitting design on hers – one emblazoned with the official emblem of her husband.</p> <p>The Prince of Wales Feathers dates back to the 14th century.</p> <p>Charles opted to wear a less elaborate mask, but at just $12, it still carried an important meaning.</p> <p><img style="width: 500px; height: 281.25px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7840447/charles.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/9979d2f0d7194f199783e681337561ae" /></p> <p>The silk patterned face covering was made by seamstresses in Myanmar as part of the Turquoise Mountain Textiles program.</p> <p>Charles and Camilla were last in Greece back in May of 2018, and the country has remained a special destination for the entirety of the royal family as it where Prince Philip was born.</p>

International Travel

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A vaccine will be a game-changer for international travel. But it’s not everything

<p>The United Kingdom yesterday became the first country to approve the Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine for widespread use. Following a review by the country’s drug regulator, the UK government announced it will begin rolling out the vaccine next week.</p> <p>Other countries are likely to follow soon, authorising the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine and possibly other leading candidates too. Australia’s Therapeutic Goods Administration says it’s continuing to assess the Pfizer/BioNTech data.</p> <p>The world has been eagerly awaiting a COVID vaccine, touted since early in the pandemic as our best hope of returning to “normal”. A big part of this is the resumption of international travel.</p> <p>Certainly, an effective vaccine brings this prospect much closer. But a vaccine alone won’t ensure a safe return to international travel. There are several other things Australia and other countries will need to consider.</p> <p>Give $30 a month and help improve Australian media.<br />International travel in the age of a COVID vaccine<br />When people are vaccinated before boarding a flight, we can have confidence there will be significantly less COVID risk associated with international travel. However, the data we have at the moment doesn’t tell us everything we need to know.</p> <p>Let’s take the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine as an example. They have reported the efficacy of their mRNA vaccine to be 95% in preventing symptomatic COVID-19, having tested it on around half of the 43,000 participants in their phase 3 trial (the other half received a placebo).</p> <p>The vaccine appears to be safe with only mild side-effects in some participants. And notably, the study included people aged 65 and over and those with health conditions that put them at higher risk of more severe disease.</p> <p>However, the study hasn’t officially reported the efficacy of the vaccine against becoming infected, as opposed to displaying symptoms. While it’s encouraging to know a vaccine stops people getting sick, this point is important because if people can still become infected with SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19), they may still be able to spread it.</p> <p>Ugur Şahin, BioNTech’s cofounder and chief executive, believes the vaccine could reduce transmission by 50%. This puts something of a dampener on vaccination being the key to the safe resumption of international travel.</p> <p>At this stage, we also don’t know how long immunity will last for those vaccinated with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine. But as the trial will continue for several more months, some of this data should become available in 2021.</p> <p>A doctor or scientists fills a syringe from a vaccine vial.<br />Over time, vaccine trials will reveal more data. </p> <p>It’s going to take months — or, more realistically, years — to vaccinate everybody who wants to be vaccinated. It won’t be feasible to expect every single person travelling internationally to be vaccinated.</p> <p>There are several countries that appear never to have had community transmission. As of November, these included many Pacific island nations such as Tonga, Kiribati, Micronesia, Palau, Samoa and Tuvalu.</p> <p>Then there are countries that have COVID-19 under control with little, if any, community transmission. Examples include Australia, New Zealand, Vietnam and Singapore.</p> <p>People arriving in Australia from these countries pose very little risk and should not need to quarantine, whether vaccinated or not. For other countries, it would very much depend on their epidemic situation at the time.</p> <p>Some organisations have already developed COVID risk ratings for different countries or jurisdictions. For example, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) rates the COVID situation in each European country as “stable”, “of concern” or “of serious concern”.</p> <p>These risk assessments are based on factors including each country’s 14-day COVID case notification rate, the proportion of tests coming back positive, and the rate of deaths.</p> <p>Clearly, people from high-risk areas or countries will still need to quarantine on arrival, unless they have been vaccinated. It’s likely Australia will develop a similar rating system to the ECDC to streamline these decisions.</p> <p><strong>Testing</strong><br />Many countries now require a negative COVID test certificate before entry. For example, Spain requires a negative PCR test no more than 72 hours before travelling.</p> <p>Similarly, some airlines, such as Emirates and Etihad, are mandating COVID testing before travel.</p> <p>It would also make sense to have rapid antigen testing available at airport arrivals or border crossings. Although not as accurate as PCR tests, these tests would provide a second check that a traveller hasn’t incubated COVID-19 on the way to their destination.</p> <p>Even with vaccination, testing will still be important, as vaccination doesn’t guarantee a passenger is not infected, or infectious.</p> <p><strong>Certificates and passports</strong><br />Once COVID-19 vaccines become accessible, countries and airlines may well require visitors to produce a certificate of vaccination.</p> <p>Qantas chief executive Alan Joyce has suggested all Qantas international passengers from next year would be required to have a COVID vaccination certificate.</p> <p>There are also many groups around the world working on immunity passports and technologies to track travellers’ virus status.</p> <p>For example, the International Air Transport Association is developing a digital health pass which will carry testing and vaccination status.</p> <p>It’s likely international travel will be allowed globally in the second half of next year, once vaccination is well underway.</p> <p>It will be wonderful to be able to travel internationally again, but wherever we go — even with a vaccine — it will be some time before travel looks like it did before the pandemic.</p>

International Travel

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Which Australian destinations lose, and which may win, without international tourism

<p>But it seems increasingly likely international borders will remain largely closed until at least mid-2021. The mothballing plans of airlines such as Qantas further suggest international travel will take years to recover to pre-pandemic levels.</p> <p>For any tourist attraction primarily geared to international visitors, and for the hotels, restaurants and shops that cater to that tourist traffic, this spells trouble.</p> <p>In 2019 more than 9 million international tourists injected an estimated A$47 billion into the Australian economy.</p> <p>On the other hand, local destinations that primarily attract local tourists could be in for boom times, attracting those who might otherwise have gone overseas. (In 2018-19, more than 10 million did so, spending A$65 billion in the process.)</p> <p>Tourism, though, is not a zero-sum game. Not all of the money that might have been spent overseas will necessarily be spent on a local holiday. Even if it was, and the boom in domestic tourism more than made up for the loss of international tourists, the impact would be different across cities and locations.</p> <p>That’s because local and foreign tourists tend to opt for different holiday experiences. International visitors are more attracted to the sights of Sydney and Melbourne, and the tourist hot spots of Queensland. Locals disproportionately want to get away from the city and avoid the tourist traps, relaxing in the country or on the coast.</p> <p><strong>Measuring international attraction</strong></p> <p>To get a better sense of how closed international borders will affect local economies, we calculated locations’ reliance on international tourists using data distilled from TripAdvisor, a popular travel booking and review website.</p> <p>As a proxy for how many foreigners visit (and then review) a location relative to the number of domestic visitors, we looked at the number of reviews written in English relative to other languages.</p> <p>Obviously this is an imperfect measure. A lot of foreign visitors come from New Zealand, Britain and Ireland, for example. Non-English speakers might use a different platform entirely. Nonetheless the results give us a basis to see where the absence of international tourists will likely be felt the hardest.</p> <p>Using the data from TripAdvisor, the following chart shows the relative importance of tourism to local economies as well as the relative importance of international tourists.</p> <p>At a glance, Cairns, the gateway to the Great Barrier Reef, stands out as the having the most to lose, due the relative importance of tourism, and international tourists, to its economy.</p> <p>Sydney attracts the greatest proportion of foreign visitors, but is less dependent on tourism.</p> <p>Regional towns like Tamworth in NSW and Bendigo in Victoria (bottom left) should be least affected.</p> <p><strong>The biggest losers</strong></p> <p>About two-thirds of all international passengers touch down in Sydney and Melbourne. Our data from Tripadvisor also suggests this is where foreign visitors spend most of their time and money.</p> <p>In Sydney the Opera House, Harbour Bridge and Bondi Beach are magnets for foreign tourists. Melbourne has the Eureka Skydeck and its Royal Botantic Gardens. Any business attached to the traffic for these attractions will face a tough year ahead.</p> <p>The only upside is the big cities have more diverse labour markets. So those losing tourism jobs in these areas have a slightly better chance of finding work elsewhere.</p> <p>The bigger risk comes to Cairns and other smaller tourist hubs with star attractions that attract a large flow of international tourists. For many businesses in these local economies a closed border could be an existential challenge.</p> <p><strong>The potential winners</strong></p> <p>While our results are more robust for predicting where lost international tourism will hurt most, we can also see some possibilities of boom times for destinations that provide the experience local tourists are seeking.</p> <p>Two examples are Echuca in Victoria and Busselton in Western Australia. These are very different towns. Echuca is an historic inland town on the Murray River often associated with paddle steamers. Busselton is a fishing town south of Perth long associated with lazy beach holidays.</p> <p>Locations offering the more relaxed “getaway” experience might find their bookings overflowing this holiday season as Australians unable to visit Barcelona or Bali look to holiday closer to home.</p> <p><em>Written by Misha Ketchell. This article first appeared on <a href="https://theconversation.com/which-australian-destinations-lose-and-which-may-win-without-international-tourism-146395">The Conversation</a>.</em></p>

International Travel

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International film archives are streaming up a storm during lockdown: Australia’s movie trove isn’t even online

<p><a href="https://www.cinetecamilano.it/">Cineteca Milano</a> is renowned for its silent film holdings. With a collection of more than 35,000 Italian and international films dating back to the 1890s, it was both coincidental and fortuitous that, in December 2019, the archive began digitalisation.</p> <p>Part of a national <a href="http://www.cinema.beniculturali.it/Notizie/5188/66/contributi-per-il-piano-di-digitalizzazione-anno-2018/">digitalisation program</a>, the Cineteca decided rather than merely deposit their digitised materials into the holdings of the Cineteca Nazionale in Rome, they would release films online.</p> <p>Matteo Pavesi, the director of the Cineteca Italiana, tells me they wanted to “make our oldest archival materials visible; we wanted to publish these holdings for everyone to enjoy”.</p> <p>Since the Cineteca was shut in February, Cineteca’s staff of six have been releasing 20 films a week on their free streaming service.</p> <p>Pre-coronavirus, Cineteca Milano attracted around 300 users to its site each day.</p> <p>In March, the online archive attracted more than 4 million users.</p> <p><strong>Saving history</strong></p> <p>Film archives began to <a href="https://www.fiafnet.org/pages/History/FIAF-Timeline.html">be established in 1933</a> as archivists realised films needed to be safeguarded for their own sake, rather than for military or religious purposes.</p> <p>Nitrate film used from the early 1890s through the mid-1950s, and magnetic tape used from the mid-1940s to the early 2000s, cannot survive the test of time. So, in addition to managing storage environments, archives <a href="https://www.nfsa.gov.au/corporate-information/publications/deadline-2025">preserve films digitally</a>.</p> <p>Commercial streaming services offer access to films, but they do not ensure this content is stored, saved and contextualised. They are not custodians of history or culture. Archives ensure recordings of the past remain meaningfully embedded in our contemporary life.</p> <p>In a time when the audiovisual is our primary mode of communication, the archive as an institution protecting and championing our shared history is more important than ever.</p> <p><strong>Making history</strong></p> <p>Since the <a href="https://www.bfi.org.uk/">British Film Institute</a> (BFI) shut its London doors on March 17, Bryony Dixon, their curator of silent film, tells me they have seen a 200% increase in online traffic.</p> <p>Short, punchy films are popular, and Dixon says these early silent films are like TikTok: “designed to just go ‘Here I am, I look at this’”.</p> <p>The BFI is also working to document the period of the COVID-19 crisis.</p> <p><a href="https://www.bfi.org.uk/archive-collections/archive-projects/britain-on-lockdown">Britain on Lockdown</a> asks the public to send in videos to chart the national development of the coronavirus crisis.</p> <p><a href="https://www.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/news-bfi/announcements/these-hands-michael-rosen-poem-nhs">These Are The Hands</a> is a short and emotive found-footage film using archival public health movies and contemporary footage of NHS staff. We see hands touching the newborn, the young, the aged, the disabled, and the sick. At every stage of our lives, the film reminds us health-care workers are essential.</p> <p>These Are The Hands was released the day I spoke with Dixon.</p> <p>“There won’t be a dry eye in the house,” she says. “It is very powerful.”</p> <p><strong>A quiet archive</strong></p> <p>While use of these archives in Milan and London has increased under lockdown, Australia’s <a href="https://www.nfsa.gov.au/">National Film and Sound Archive</a> (NFSA) has not seen a significant change.</p> <p>Meg Labrum, general manager of collections, tells me in Europe people “appreciate, celebrate, use, know about their archive”.</p> <p>In Australia, she says the film archive is “a kind of interesting, slightly odd, cultural provider”.</p> <p>Although the NFSA has a significant collection in Canberra, it does not release 20 films a week like the Milan archive, nor does it boast a dedicated streaming service like the BFI.</p> <p>The NFSA’s online presence is focused on curation, rather than the delivery of streaming material. It frames small samples of screen content into topical themes and exhibitions. With rare exception, users cannot watch films, but they can (for example) listen to producers Jocelyn Moorhouse and Lynda House speak about <a href="https://www.nfsa.gov.au/collection/curated/muriels-wedding">the making</a> of Muriel’s Wedding.</p> <p>Australia was once the <a href="https://apnews.com/e8187ca922bbc63541581ace1535a769">end-of-the-line</a> for global film distribution. Films sent around the globe for viewing would often remain in Australia – it made no financial sense to return bulky film reels to their country of origin. This means the NFSA has an internationally important collection, including items such as the most complete version of the French actress <a href="https://wfpp.columbia.edu/pioneer/sarah-bernhardt/">Sarah Bernhardt</a>’s Camille (1911).</p> <p>As a film historian, I am frustrated by <a href="https://online.ucpress.edu/fmh/article/2/1/135/106359/Interview-in-Melbourne-with-Meg-Labrum-National">licensing issues</a> in Australia blocking our access to film heritage. Local copyright laws and an aversion to copyright risks have meant these <a href="http://www.unswlawjournal.unsw.edu.au/article/digital-access-the-impact-of-copyright-on-digitisation-practices-in-australian-museums-galleries-libraries-and-archives/">legal issues</a> seem to haunt the NFSA far more than they do in comparable institutions abroad.</p> <p>With staff working from home, Labrum sees the COVID-19 crisis consolidating the NFSA’s drive towards the digital: “an experiment […] testing just how far we can keep the collection open in a purely existing digital content context.”</p> <p>While not streaming films, the NFSA has nevertheless focused on digital preservation, continuing the digitisation of magnetic tapes during shutdown.</p> <p><strong>Films to the people</strong></p> <p>Two days after our interview, Dixon was put on furlough, her pay reduced by 20% and unsure about her future employment. For now, her team “split work. […] We’ll cover a skeleton service”.</p> <p>But she remains optimistic about the impact of COVID-19 on the BFI and its operations.</p> <p>The pandemic has “proved the worth of digitising material and putting it online in a massive way,” she says.</p> <p>“If it means that the people don’t go to the films, we need to take the films to the people.”</p> <p>The increased traffic to the BFI and Cineteca Milano shows there is a want to engage with our film histories – coronavirus makes obvious how hampered Australians are in the access to ours.</p> <p> </p> <p><em>Written by Victoria Duckett. Republished with permission of <a href="https://theconversation.com/international-film-archives-are-streaming-up-a-storm-during-lockdown-australias-movie-trove-isnt-even-online-137169">The Conversation.</a> </em></p>

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Genetic secrets of almost 2,700 cancers unveiled by landmark international project

<p>Scientists have revealed the detailed genetic makeup of thousands of cancer samples, yielding new insights into the genes that drive the many and varied forms of the disease.</p> <p>The results, <a href="https://www.nature.com/collections/pcawg/">published in a landmark collection of research papers in the journal Nature</a> interpret the complete DNA sequences, or cancer genomes, of 2,658 cancer samples. This will further our understanding of the crucial “driver” mutations that underpin cancer development and offer potential as targets for treatments such as chemotherapy.</p> <p>It is the work of some 700 scientists around the world, as part of an international project called the <a href="https://dcc.icgc.org/pcawg">Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes</a>.</p> <p>The hallmark of a cancer cell is its unregulated growth. The mechanism that allows these cells to escape normal cellular growth regulation involves the introduction of mutations into the cancer cell’s DNA. The collection of mutations present in a particular cancer genome is thus known as that cancer’s “mutation signature”.</p> <p>Each advance in our capacity to accurately and completely sequence whole cancer genomes, and to analyse the sequence data, has enabled a more in-depth analysis of these mutation signatures. Each step forward has revealed further diversity in the mutation processes that underlie the development and progression of cancer.</p> <p><strong>Diverse mutations</strong></p> <p>It is seven years since the <a href="https://theconversation.com/cancer-signatures-offer-hope-for-treatment-and-prevention-17045">previous landmark advance in this field</a>. Back in 2013, researchers reported on the genetic makeup of 7,042 cancers of 30 different types, and identified 20 distinct mutational signatures.</p> <p>Today’s reports involve fewer cancers, but an increase in the number of cancer types to 38. But this latest advance is not really about numbers.</p> <p>The real step forward is in our understanding of the diversity of DNA mutations and mutation signatures within cancer genomes. This is primarily the result of improved methods for analysing the DNA sequence data, compared with the state of the art in 2013.</p> <p>As a result, important DNA sequence alterations that could not be detected in previous work have now been described. Each contributes important new details about each cancer genome.</p> <p>Until recently, cancer DNA mutation analyses had been focused on small alterations in “coding regions” of DNA - the roughly 1% of DNA that is responsible for making proteins. The new analyses reported today have identified non-coding driver mutations – some of them large structural mutations that can be as big as entire chromosomes.</p> <p>These new analytical capabilities have enabled the identification of 97 mutation signatures, five times more than previously known. The improved detail boosts our understanding of the diversity of cancer genomes. It also provides important new information about the order in which these mutations accumulate during cancer development.</p> <p>However, there is good evidence to suggest that more work is still required to characterise the full spectrum of cancer DNA mutations. It is anticipated that all cancers will have at least one, and perhaps as many as five, driver DNA mutations. Despite the extensive array of analytical approaches described in these new reports, the researchers were still unable to identify any driver mutations in 5% of the cancers in their study.</p> <p>The research has also shown that similar mutation signatures are present in cancers that arise in different tissues. This has implications for cancer treatment. For example, a drug successfully used to treat a breast cancer may be as effective for treating a pancreatic cancer if the two cancers share the same mutation signature.</p> <p>These data will greatly advance our ability to identify cancers with the same or similar origins via their mutation signature. It has enormous implications for diversifying the current suite of drugs available for gene-targeted cancer treatment.</p> <p>But, perhaps more significantly, it also offers the opportunity to expand our strategies for preventing cancer before it starts.</p> <p><em>Written by Melissa Southey. Republished with permission of </em><a href="https://theconversation.com/genetic-secrets-of-almost-2-700-cancers-unveiled-by-landmark-international-project-131197"><em>The Conversation.</em></a></p>

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